Inappropriate complementary feeding increases the risk of undernutrition, illness and mortality in infants and children. This study uses a subsample of 1428 children of 6-23 months from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2006. The 2006 NDHS was a multistage cluster sample survey. The complementary feeding indicators were estimated according to the 2008 World Health Organization recommendations. The rate of introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods to infants aged 6-8 months was 70%. Minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity rates were 82% and 34%, respectively, and minimum acceptable diet for breastfed infants was 32%. Multivariate analysis indicated that working mothers and mothers with primary or no education were significantly less likely to give complementary foods, to meet dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet. Children living in poor households were significantly less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet. Mothers who had adequate exposure to media, i.e. who watch television and who listen to radio almost every day, were significantly more likely to meet minimum dietary diversity and meal frequency. Infants aged 6-11 months were significantly less likely to meet minimum acceptable diet [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=3.13, confidence interval (CI)=2.16-4.53] and to meet minimum meal frequency (adjusted OR=4.46, CI=2.67-7.46). In conclusion, complementary feeding rates in Nepal are inadequate except for minimum meal frequency. Planning and promotion activities to improve appropriate complementary feeding practices should focus on illiterate mothers, those living in poor households, and those not exposed to media.

Determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in young children in Nepal: secondary data analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2006.

A community-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during June-July 2008 to assess the infant- and young child-feeding (IYCF) practices in Bankura district, West Bengal, India In total, 647 children aged less than two years selected through revised 40-cluster sampling using the indicators of the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) and World Health Organization The proportions of infants with early initiation of breastfeeding (136%) and exclusive breastfeeding under six months (571%) and infants who received complementary feeding at the age of 6-8 months (557%) were low Appropriate feeding as per the IMNCI protocol was significantly less among infants aged 6-11 months (152%) and children aged 12-23 months (87%) compared to infants aged less than six months (571%), which could be attributable to low frequency and amount of complementary feeding The main problems revealed from the study were late initiation of breastfeeding, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding, and inappropriate complementary feeding practices

/pdf/infant-and-young-child-feeding-practices-in-bankura-district-48qxl0o7n1.pdf

Infant- and young child-feeding practices in Bankura district, West Bengal, India.

A cross sectional study was conducted to study the diet pattern of children less than 2 years with regard to certain infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators. A total of 374 children less than 24 months of age coming to the immunization clinic were studied using a standard pretested and prevalidated questionnaire. Exclusive breastfeeding was followed by 57.1% of children under 6 months of age. Minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet were seen adequate in 32.6%, 48.6%, and 19.7% of children between 6 months and 2 years of age, respectively.

A study on infant and young child feeding practices among mothers attending an urban health center in East Delhi.

Background : Breastfeeding is one of the most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing, and the prevention of childhood infections. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding depend on its initiation, duration, and the age at which the breastfed child is weaned. Breastfeeding practices vary among different regions and communities. Objectives: To assess the pattern of infant feeding and its relation to certain practices of maternity and newborn care, and to assess the knowledge of mothers on the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly selected villages of the Bhojipura Block of Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 123 women who had delivered within the last year were interviewed in a house-to-house survey. A study instrument was used to collect data. Chi- square test and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Most of the mothers were aged less than 30 years (78.04%) and were Hindus (73.9%). Most were illiterate (69.9%) and belonged to the lower socioeconomic class (97.5%). The majority were housewives (99.1%) and multiparous (68.2%). Most had initiated breastfeeding (78.8%) within 24 hours of delivery. About 15.4% of the infants did not receive colostrum and 22.8% of the infants were not exclusively breastfed. Ghutti (water mixed with honey and herbs), boiled water, tea, and animal milk were commonly used pre-lacteal feeds. About 47.2% of the respondents were not aware of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. About one quarter of the mothers started complementary feeding before the child was six months old. About half the deliveries had taken place at home and only a quarter of the females had had three or more antenatal visits during pregnancy. The birth weight of the majority (78%) of newborns was not measured. A majority (69.9%) of the mothers did not receive advice on child feeding. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternity and newborn care variables had no significant association with exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: Despite higher rates of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding, awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding was low. This indicates the need to promote awareness of the correct method of infant feeding and care of the newborn. Creating an awareness of the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding will further strengthen and support this common practice in rural communities and avoid an early introduction to complementary foods for sociocultural reasons.

Infant feeding practices in the rural population of north India

In spite of the negative impact of prelacteal feeding on the growth and development of children, it is widely practiced in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess prelacteal feeding practices and associated factors among mothers of children aged less than 24 months in the North Wello zone. A quantitative community based cross-sectional study was employed during March 2015. Eight hundred and forty four (844) mother-child pairs were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected by face-to-face interview. Descriptive statistics, binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with prelacteal feeding practice. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were identified as statistically significant factors. The prevalence of prelacteal feeding was 11.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 9.0, 13.0). Colostrum discarding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 8.7; 95 % CI (3.8, 20.1)) and lack of counseling about breastfeeding (AOR: 2.6; 95 % CI 1.27, 5.4) were the factors associated with prelacteal feeding. The major reasons stated for providing prelacteal feeds were “culture” and “do not have enough milk”. Prelacteal feeds are offered to nearly one child in every ten in the North Wello zone. Colostrum removal and lack of counseling on breastfeeding at antenatal care visit are important positive predictors of prelacteal feeding practice. Awareness of the risks associated with prelacteal feeding, promotion of counseling on breastfeeding and the health benefit of colostrum during antenatal care visits are recommended interventions to reduce prelacteal feeding practices in the study areas.

/pdf/factors-associated-with-prelacteal-feeding-in-north-eastern-3ue94k7zhe.pdf

Factors associated with prelacteal feeding in North Eastern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study

Good nutrition forms the basis for good health of a child. Nutrition is required for a child to grow, develop, stay active, and to reach adulthood as well.(1)

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended as the optimum method of feeding for the first 6 months of life and semi-solid foods are to be introduced after 6 months while continuing breastfeeding to meet the physiological requirements of the infants.(2)

Studies(3) have reported that the practices of early introduction of top feeds and late introduction of semi-solids are widely prevalent, more so in urban slums.

Studies by the Nutrition Foundation of India (NFI) in urban slums of three major cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai) revealed serious erosion of breastfeeding practices. Other studies from urban slums repeatedly documented that exclusive breastfeeding was practiced in only 30-40% of infants, colostrum was discarded in upto 90%, use of prelacteal feeds was almost universal, use of feeding bottles, animal milk, and commercial milk formulae was very common. Also it was found that the introduction of complementary foods is markedly delayed and the foods lack the consistency, energy density and are fed in inadequate amounts and in unhygienic ways.(3)

With this background, the study had been conducted to assess the feeding practices of the children in an urban slum and to determine the factors influencing it, if any.

Feeding practices of children in an urban slum of kolkata.

Background: The 'papad-making' industries of India have provided ample opportunity of employment for the women workers of low socio-economic class although their problems are not much explored. In this study an attempt had been made for the same. Aims: 1.To find out the health status of the women. 2. To find out the factors, in the working conditions, influencing their health status. 3. To assess their felt needs. Settings: A slum area of Kolkata. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive type of observational study. Methods and Materials: The slum was chosen by random sampling method. Following this, complete enumeration method was adopted. Data were collected by interview and clinical examination of the women engaged in this occupation with a pre-designed and pretested schedule. Statistical Analysis: Proportions and Chi-square test. Results: 77.5% were in the reproductive age group and none were below 14 years. Most of them belonged to poor socioeconomic status. Sixty per cent were in this occupation for more than 10 years and they spent 5 hours for this work daily over and above their household job. Musculoskeletal problem was their commonest health problem. Pallor, angular stomatitis, pedal edema, chronic energy deficiency were found on examination. Personal hygienic measures taken were far from satisfactory. A focus group discussion revealed their health and family problems, dissatisfaction about their working conditions and wage. Other needs identified were home visits for their health care, free medicines and health education. Conclusion: Need exists for a participatory occupational health programme for this working population.

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/57719/1/oe08008.pdf

A study on health status of women engaged in a home-based "Papad-making" industry in a slum area of Kolkata.

Sir,

Physical activity is one of the major lifestyle-related health determinants. However, such an important health-protecting behavior is seen to decline during adolescence. This study was undertaken to assess the physical activity pattern among adolescents and to find out the various factors influencing the same.

An observational study was carried out among the adolescents in Diara village, Singur block, Hoogly district, West Bengal. The total adolescent population was nearly 450 out of the total population of 2252, that is approximately 20%. Of them, 25% were studied by selecting through simple random sampling from a suitable sample frame and interviewing with a questionnaire developed from International Physical Activity Questionnaire.(1)

The day's activity was characterized into type of activity and its duration.

Energy expenditure for each of the activities was computed by Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) for that duration x metabolic constant for that activity

Total energy expenditure was computed by adding the full-day energy expenditure for all the activities with energy expenditure for growth. This value was compared with the standard total daily energy expenditure as per WHO guidelines.(2)

Seventy percentage of the studied population were students (mostly the younger adolescents), 16% were carpenters, shop helpers, or housemaids, and 14% were unemployed(mostly the older girls). Approximately, they spent 10 h for their occupation, 1 h for travelling (cycling or walking), 1 h for household activities, 2 h for leisure, 2 h for miscellaneous activities, and 8 h for sleeping. Their household activities included sweeping, washing, cooking, cattle caring, looking after children and older people. Girls were more engaged in housework. Leisure activities of younger girls and boys were mainly games. Older girls spent most of their leisure time by watching TV, sewing, and gossiping. Seventy-eight percentage were sufficiently active, whereas 22% were less active. Of these, 70% had a normal BMI. None were found to be obese. Younger adolescents and school attendees were more active and the finding was statistically significant. Physical activities and gender did not show any statistically significant relationship [Table 1].



Table 1

Relationship between the level of physical activity and various factors (n = 100)



The study showed that most of the adolescents were sufficiently active, the level being more at younger age, as was also reported by Heath(3) and Kenneth(4) Besides occupational activity, use of active transport, housework, and games helped them to expend energy. Energy expenditure was more among the school attendees and that was probably due to participation in school's physical education program, as was also observed by Gordon-Larsen(5) Although physical activities and gender did not show any statistically significant relationship, leisure activities varied with age and sex. Older girls spent their leisure time for sedentary activities, probably due to lack of parental or social support for games, which was also reported by other studies.(6,7)

The study recommends for parental and social support for physical activities, community-based recreational opportunities, and school attendance for adolescents.

Physical activity pattern among the adolescents of a rural community in west bengal.

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Feeding practices of children in an urban slum of kolkata.

A study on health status of women engaged in a home-based "Papad-making" industry in a slum area of Kolkata.

Physical activity pattern among the adolescents of a rural community in west bengal.