Gastroparesis is defined by delayed gastric emptying (GE) and symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, postprandial fullness, early satiety and abdominal pain. Most common aetiologies include diabetes, postsurgical and postinfectious, but in many cases it is idiopathic. Clinical presentation and natural history vary by the aetiology. There is significant morbidity and healthcare utilisation associated with gastroparesis. Mechanistic studies from diabetic animal models of delayed GE as well as human full-thickness biopsies have significantly advanced our understanding of this disorder. An innate immune dysregulation and injury to the interstitial cells of Cajal and other components of the enteric nervous system through paracrine and oxidative stress mediators is likely central to the pathogenesis of gastroparesis. Scintigraphy and 13C breath testing provide the most validated assessment of GE. The stagnant gastroparesis therapeutic landscape is likely to soon see significant changes. Relatively newer treatment strategies include antiemetics (aprepitant), prokinetics (prucalopride, relamorelin) and fundic relaxants (acotiamide, buspirone). Endoscopic pyloromyotomy appears promising over the short term, especially for symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Further controlled trials and identification of the appropriate subgroup with pyloric dysfunction and assessment of long-term outcomes are essential. This review highlights the clinical presentation, diagnosis, mechanisms and treatment advancements for gastroparesis.

https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/68/12/2238.full.pdf

Gastroparesis: A turning point in understanding and treatment

Natural nitrogen cycle has been severely disrupted by anthropogenic activities. The overuse of N-containing fertilizers induces the increase of nitrate level in surface and ground waters, and substantial emission of nitrogen oxides causes heavy air pollution. Nitrogen gas, as the main component of air, has been used for mass ammonia production for over a century, providing enough nutrition for agriculture to support world population increase. In the last decade, researchers have made great efforts to develop ammonia processes under ambient conditions to combat the intensive energy consumption and high carbon emission associated with the Haber-Bosch process. Among different techniques, electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 RR) can achieve nitrate removal and ammonia generation simultaneously using renewable electricity as the power, and there is an exponential growth of studies in this research direction. Here we provide a timely and comprehensive review on the important progresses of electrochemical NO3 RR, covering the rational design of electrocatalysts, emerging C-N coupling reactions, and advanced energy conversion and storage systems. Moreover, future perspectives are proposed to accelerate the industrialized NH3 production and green synthesis of chemicals, leading to a sustainable nitrogen cycle via prosperous N-based electrochemistry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction: Ammonia Synthesis and the Beyond.

The development of efficient electrocatalysts to generate key *NH 2 and *CO intermediates is crucial for ambient urea electrosynthesis with nitrate (NO 3 - ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Here we report a liquid-phase laser irradiation method to fabricate symbiotic graphitic carbon encapsulated amorphous iron and iron oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (Fe(a)@C-Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs). Fe(a)@C-Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity toward urea synthesis using NO 3 - and CO 2 , affording a urea yield of 1341.3±112.6 μg h -1 mg cat -1 and a faradic efficiency of 16.5±6.1% at ambient conditions. Both experimental and theoretical results indicate that the formed Fe(a)@C and Fe 3 O 4 on CNTs provide dual active sites for the adsorption and activation of NO 3 - and CO 2 , thus generating key *NH 2 and *CO intermediates with lower energy barriers for urea formation. This work would be helpful for design and development of high-efficiency dual-site electrocatalysts for ambient urea synthesis.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.202210958

Ambient Electrosynthesis of Urea with Nitrate and Carbon Dioxide over Iron-Based Dual-Sites.

The electrochemical coreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogenous species (such as NO3-, NO2-, N2, and NO) for urea synthesis under ambient conditions provides a promising solution to realize carbon/nitrogen neutrality and mitigate environmental pollution. Although an increasing number of studies have made some breakthroughs in electrochemical urea synthesis, the unsatisfactory Faradaic efficiency, low urea yield rate, and ambiguous C-N coupling reaction mechanisms remain the major obstacles to its large-scale applications. In this review, we present the recent progress on electrochemical urea synthesis based on CO2 and nitrogenous species in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions, providing useful guidance and discussion on the rational design of metal nanocatalyst, the understanding of the C-N coupling reaction mechanism, and existing challenges and prospects for electrochemical urea synthesis. We hope that this review can stimulate more insights and inspiration toward the development of electrocatalytic urea synthesis technology.

Review on Electrocatalytic Coreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogenous Species for Urea Synthesis.

Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of numbers of the structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and waters occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss (i) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion, and (ii) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.

The enteric nervous system.

Fluorescence turn-off sensing strategy based on Al-based MOF for selective detection of tricresyl phosphate.

BSA-magnetite nanotorpedo for safe and efficient delivery of chemotherapy drugs

Significance BCR cross-linking has been shown to trigger a signal transduction cascade that involves coordinated functions of kinases, adaptor molecules, and phosphatases. The present study demonstrates that BCR signaling in immature B cells is in part regulated by a lysosomal protein, LAPTM5. Our results uncover a previously unidentified LAPTM5-WWP2-PTEN cascade that regulates immature B cell apoptosis and contributes to B cell tolerance.

LAPTM5 mediates immature B cell apoptosis and B cell tolerance by regulating the WWP2-PTEN-AKT pathway

Femtosecond Laser Generated Hierarchical Macropore/LIPSS Metasurfaces and Their Ultrabroadband Absorbance, Photothermal Properties, and Thermal-Induced Reflectance Oscillation

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Sihan Ji

Author Tools

Chat about Author