‘The road to annihilation was marked by events that specifically affected men as men and women as women.’1 Yet, the subject of gender is a relative newcorner in the wider field of Holocaust studies.2 It is only in the last twenty years that this area has been explored. Before this time, the subject was barely touched for a number of reasons. First, the field of Holocaust studies itself was quite limited in its scope and development from the immediate post-war years until the 1960s and 1970s.3 Only as certain other issues and areas were researched did questions about women and the family come onto the agenda for research. Second, questions pertaining to gender simply were not asked. It took until the era of ‘second-wave feminism’ in the 1970s, with new developments and trends in historical awareness about the history of women and rendering them ‘visible’, for these issues to be raised. As a result of feminist scholarship, the concept of gender as an analytical tool developed. Third, the state of the available sources was not conducive to advancing research in this area. It took until the 1970s for a proliferation of survivors’ memoirs to appear, as well as collected testimonies, which became an important source for researchers in this field. Gender studies of the Holocaust, therefore, appeared only once the field had developed to a certain point. They emerged as a response to existing research and available sources within the wider field of Holocaust studies, and indeed women’s studies.

Gender and the Family

Using testimonies, Nazi documents, memoirs, and artistic representations, this volume broadens and deepens comprehension of Jewish women's experiences of rape and other forms of sexual violence during the Holocaust. The book goes beyond previous studies, and challenges claims that Jewish women were not sexually violated during the Holocaust. This anthology by an interdisciplinary and international group of scholars addresses topics such as rape, forced prostitution, assaults on childbearing, artistic representations of sexual violence, and psychological insights into survivor trauma. These subjects have been relegated to the edges or completely left out of Holocaust history, and this book aims to shift perceptions and promote new discourse.

Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust

Secondary amenorrhea is predominantly viewed outside of the social norms, somehow beyond the natural order of things. It might appear to reside in the shadows of its menstruating counterpart, viewed as that which is lacking, but this thesis will prove otherwise. 

Secondary amenorrhea is a very powerful and present symbol that makes its mark in medical, cultural, social, anthropological, political and religious life. Narratives of womanhood and statehood dominate. Examples will be draw from women in war and the Holocaust, hysterics of the late nineteenth century, prominence of patriarchy, gynecology, psychogenic trauma and eating disorders. 

What though for the individual? What does it mean when a woman of menstruating age stops bleeding and what does it matter to her or to us? This thesis considers how the mind weighs heavily on the body. Through the application of psychoanalytic thinking, this thesis will link the cessation of menses to the unconscious registers suggesting that there is a communication of the psyche that looks to the body to find expression. Issues of symbiosis, inter-dependency, individuation, alienation, separation and loss are themes that recur in cultural and historical narratives worldwide and in the clinical work. These are discussed using examples from the consulting room. Psychic conflict and the search for resolution will be demonstrated in a psychoanalytic review of Ovid's Pygmalion and Shaw's retelling of the story. We shall also consider the role of the analyst by studying Freud's failed treatment of Emma Eckstein.
 
The purpose of this thesis is to show just how much presence there is in this supposed absence.

A Far Cry From A No Thing: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Women and Secondary Amenorrhea

This dissertation investigates the early career of the German architectural critic Adolf Behne (1885-1948) and the crucial role he played in defining and promoting an early vision of modern architecture. During the particularly vibrant cultural moment in Germany before World War I, Behne became intent on finding artistic and architectural alternatives to what he perceived as the elitism, materialism, and decadence of Wilhelmine society. Influenced by the cultural program of the Socialist party, Behne believed that modern art had to be made accessible to all, and that modern architecture must be grounded in a "social conscience." The theories of Expressionist artists he encountered in Berlin’s Sturm Gallery led Behne to the very different conviction that art must primarily express the inner experience and creative urges of modern man. Combining ideas from Expressionism and Socialism, Behne embraced one of the fundamental paradoxes of modern culture: that art could be simultaneously an ideal, autonomous object of the avant-garde, and also politically and socially engaged to benefit the masses. 
	Behne found a resolution to this paradox in architecture. His interpretations of Bruno Taut’s early apartment houses and experimental exhibition pavilions as syntheses of fantasy and functional form-making--an "artistic Sachlichkeit"--inspired the critic to invent the concept of an Expressionist architecture. At the same time, the heated debates promoted by the German Werkbund about the relative merits of art and industry in leading architectural reform, provoked Behne to write trenchant criticism about the nature of contemporary architecture and its place in the social fabric of modern society. Far more than an objective reporter or passive filter of the moment, Behne worked in conjunction with artists, architects, publishers, and a nascent media culture to help bridge the gap between the producers of the new architecture and the ever-expanding consuming public. In this early criticism Behne established the themes that would propel him to become one of the most perspicacious critics of the twentieth century architecture and culture.

/pdf/the-culture-of-criticism-adolf-behne-and-the-development-of-4nuqbmxnth.pdf

The Culture of Criticism: Adolf Behne and the Development of Modern Architecture in Germany, 1910-1914

This important study examines women's life writing about the Second World War and the Holocaust, such as memoirs, diaries, docunovels, and autobiographically inspired fiction. Through a historical and literary study of the complex relationship between gender, genocide, and female agency, the analyzes correct androcentric views of the Second World War and seek to further our understanding of a group that, although crucial to the functioning of the National Socialist regime, has often been overlooked: that of the complicit bystander. Chapters on army auxiliaries, nurses, female refugees, rape victims, and Holocaust survivors analyze women's motivations for enlisting in the National Socialist cause, as well as for their continuing support for the regime and, in some cases, their growing estrangement from it. The readings allow insights into the nature of complicity itself, the emergence of violence in civil society, and the possibility of social justice.

German Women's Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War

This penetrating study explores some of the critical approaches common to works written by women about an extreme situation--the Holocaust--affecting both sexes. The two novels and four fictionalized memoirs on which Heinemann's analysis is based describe experiences unique to women in the Holocaust. Among Heinemann's chief areas of focus are themes, modes of characterization, peer relations, and authenticating strategies and how they differ significantly from the ways that men have shaped their prose versions of the Holocaust. This first critical treatment of Holocaust literature from a feminist perspective effectively challenges the widespread assumption that the literature of the Holocaust reflects identical experiences for both men and women.

Gender and destiny : women writers and the Holocaust

Between 1890 and 1918 the city of Berlin evolved into a commercial and industrial hub that also became an international center for radical new ideas in the visual, performing, and literary arts. Jews were key leaders in developing this unique cosmopolitan culture. "Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918" vividly documents the many ways that Jewish artists and entrepreneurs participated in this burst of artistic creativity and promoted the emergence of modernism on the international scene. The book and exhibition at The Jewish Museum highlight leading cultural figures such as Max Liebermann, a founder of the Berlin Secession, and Herwarth Walden, who founded Der Sturm; artists such as Ludwig Meidner and Jakob Steinhardt; pioneers of cabaret, theater, and film, including Max Reinhardt and Ernst Lubitsch; art dealers, publishers, and writers; and, leading intellectual and political figures such as Martin Buber and Georg Simmel. These and other fascinating individuals are represented by more than 200 diverse objects: paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, books, letters, posters, graphic arts, theater memorabilia, and film. The book includes eight essays by scholars of German and Jewish culture and art history that provide a truly interdisciplinary interpretation of the Berlin renaissance. The period represented in Berlin Metropolis was a time when Jews were traditionally restricted from participating in major areas of German public life such as the army, government, and the university. But by turning to the 'alternative public spheres' characteristic of urban society - galleries, cafes, journals, theaters, cabarets - they emerged as innovative cultural leaders whose intellectual and artistic impact is still felt today. The exhibition, Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918, will be at The Jewish Museum, New York, from November 14, 1999, to March 5, 2000; and the Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida, from April 1 to June 11, 2000.

Berlin metropolis : Jews and the new culture, 1890-1918

Hebrew ballads and other poems

Else Lasker-Schüler, ihr Werk und ihre Zeit

Neue Welt--Dritte Welt : interkulturelle Beziehungen Deutschlands zu Lateinamerika und der Karibik

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