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The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture

Contact and the History of Germanic Languages

Cette these decrit les aspirations intrusives, saillantes mais labiles, souvent representees par /h/ ou [h], dans l’anglais L2 des francophones (par exemple : I hate pasta au lieu de I ate pasta). Le phoneme /h/ est debile dans les langues indo-europeennes. Historiquement, la consonne subit une lenition progressive, avec une forte variation linguistique et extralinguistique (diatopique, diastratique et diachronique). La fricative glottale /h/ a l’attaque de mot en anglais L1 est caracterisee par i) l’ouverture de la glotte et ii) la configuration supraglottale de la voyelle suivante. Dans cette etude, les realisations des attaques de mot en anglais sont etudiees a partir de trois sortes de donnees : i) un texte lu par 8 anglophones et 10 francophones, ii) la parole spontanee de 25 francophones et iii) un test de perception passe par 30 francophones. La frequence d’apparition des aspirations intrusives montre une forte variabilite inter- et intra-locuteurs. Elles sont retrouvees exclusivement i) en position initiale absolue ou ii) apres un phone vocalique. Une pause, une glottalisation ou une aspiration sont trois procedes qui conduisent a augmenter l’ecart temporel entre deux voyelles en hiatus. Une glottalisation ou une aspiration ont en commun de correspondre a une tension glottale. Les aspirations illicites semblent etre des traces d’hypercorrection qui pourraient etre dues i) a une assimilation incomplete du contraste phonetique [ʔ] ~ [h] de l’anglais, ii) a la reparation phonologique facultative de *#V, iii) a un geste de constriction glottale n’atteignant pas sa cible (glottalisation inchoative) et a un geste intrusif d’ouverture glottale. La correction phonetique proposee par le professeur recherche la prise de conscience par l’apprenant i) du controle de la glotte pour l’aspiration, la glottalisation et le maintien d’un voisement modal en frontiere morphologique, et ii) des particularites syllabiques du francais et de l’anglais qui font des frontieres de mot des points d’achoppement potentiels en anglais L2.

Les aspirations intrusives dans l'anglais des apprenants francophones

Were Stone-Age languages really more complex than their modern counterparts? Was Basque actually once spoken over all of Western Europe? Were Welsh-speaking slaves truly responsible for the loss of English morphology? This latest collection of Peter Trudgill's most seminal articles explores these questions and more. Focused around the theme of sociolinguistics and language change across deep historical millennia (the Palaeolithic era to the Early Middle Ages), the essays explore topics in historical linguistics, dialectology, sociolinguistics, language change, linguistic typology, geolinguistics, and language contact phenomena. Each paper is fully updated for this volume, and includes linking commentaries and summaries, for easy cross-reference. This collection will be indispensable to academic specialists and graduate students with an interest in the sociolinguistic aspects of historical linguistics.

Millennia of Language Change : Sociolinguistic Studies in Deep Historical Linguistics

The etymologies of English blood and bone are obscure. Although their cognates are well represented in the Germanic family, both lack clear cognates in other Indo-European languages. Various explanations for their origins have been proposed, including that they may be non-Indo-European (e.g. Hawkins 1987). Blood and bone, and their cognates, share an initial /b/ with numerous body-related words (e.g. beard, breast, bosom) throughout Germanic. This initial /b/ constitutes a phonestheme. Phonesthemes – ‘recurring sound-meaning pairings that are not clearly contrastive morphemes’ (Bergen 2004: 290) – are present in many Germanic languages, but their role in lexicogenesis is little understood. I suggest that blood and bone were formed by blending the initial /b/ phonestheme with two pre-existing lexemes: Proto-Germanic *flōda- ‘something that flows’ and *staina- ‘stone’. Phonesthetic blending may be a fruitful avenue for future etymological research.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0535FCEF366954322449B824CD68BE36/S1360674319000534a.pdf/div-class-title-phonesthetics-and-the-etymologies-of-span-class-italic-blood-span-and-span-class-italic-bone-span-div.pdf

Phonesthetics and the etymologies of blood and bone

As the title shows, the author of this article does not hold with the theory that the spread of the Indo-European languages had its origin in northern Europe. At present we have no means of defining with certainty the starting point, the original 'home' of the Indo-Europeans. Their early appearance in Asia Minor, which the decipherment of Hittite has revealed, is at least no support for the theory of a northern origin; for migrations so swift and so far-reaching have little probability in the first half of the second millenium before our era. Of the proofs advanced for the theory, the alleged racial similarity between Indo-Europeans and Germans is above all scientifically worthless. For here two phenomena of human existence, one physical and hard to define (race), the other psychic (language), tho not necessarily connected, are arbitrarily brought into a causal relationship. Besides, it is urged that the Lithuanians, because of the very archaic type of their language, must have remained closest to the original home. The present distribution, however, of languages south of the Baltic is not an early inheritance. Today there meet here two entirely distinct branches of the Indo-European family; in the west the Germanic which belongs to the centum group; in the east the Slavic and the Baltic which belong to the satam group. We know that Germanic was established here only during the late Middle Ages by colonisation of territory that had previously been Slavic or Prussian. Before the birth of Christ-a period still prehistoric for this part of the world-there lay south of the Baltic East Germanic languages (those of the Goths, Gepidae, Heruli, etc.) which vanished from this region after the migration to the Black Sea of the Goths and the tribes that went with them. Eastern neighbors of the Goths were (on the testimony of Ptolemy the geographer) the Galindae and the 'Sudauer', that is Prussian peoples. This district remained Prussian until the 17th century when this member of the Baltic branch was absorbed by the Germans on one side, by the Lithuanians

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/408831.pdf

The Origin of the Germanic Languages and the Indo-Europeanising of North Europe

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The Origin of the Germanic Languages and the Indo-Europeanising of North Europe