Fossil fuels are currently the most significant energy sources. They are expected to become less available and more expensive, leading to a great demand for energy conservation and alternative energy sources. As a sustainable and renewable energy source, Biomass has piqued interest in generating bioenergy and biofuels over recent years. The thermal conversion of biomass through pyrolysis is an easy, useful, and low-cost process that can be applied to a wide variety of feedstocks. Pyrolysis characteristics of different feedstock samples can be analyzed and examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA has been an essential tool and widely used to investigate the thermal characteristics of a substance under heating environments, such as thermodegradation dynamics and kinetics. Studying the potential of waste biomass for generating sustainable bioenergy carves a pathway into a circular bioeconomy regime, and can help tackle our heavy reliance on nonrenewable energy sources. This study aims to give a deep insight into the wide use of TGA in aiding in the research and development of pyrolysis of different waste biomass sources. The thermal characteristics portrayed by different biomass wastes through TGA are discussed. The effects of significant pyrolysis operating parameters are also illustrated. A more comprehensive understanding of evolved products during the pyrolysis stage can be gained by combining TGA with other analytical methods. The pros and cons of using TGA are also outlined. Overall, an in-depth literature review helps identify current trends and technological improvements (i.e., integrating artificial intelligence) of TGA use with pyrolysis. 

Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic, algal, plastic, and other biomass wastes for biofuel production and circular bioeconomy: A review of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) approach

A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production

Co-pyrolysis of microalgae and other biomass wastes for the production of high-quality bio-oil: Progress and prospective.

Co-pyrolysis of petroleum coke and banana leaves biomass: Kinetics, reaction mechanism, and thermodynamic analysis.

Residential solid fuel combustion (RSFC) is a key cause of air pollution in China. In these serial studies, field measurements of RSFC from 166 rural households in eastern China were conducted to update the database of emission factors (EFs) and chemical profiles of gaseous and particulate organic pollutants, and the present study focuses on the intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs), which are precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The results show that the averaged EFs of IVOCs (EFIVOC) for crop straw, fuelwood, and coal are 550.7 ± 397.9, 416.1 ± 249.5, and 361.9 ± 308.0 mg/kg, respectively, which are among the EFIVOC of gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, non-road machinery, and heavy fuel oil vessel, and are significantly affected by fuel, stove, and combustion efficiency. The percentages of normal alkanes (n-alkanes), branched alkanes (b-alkanes), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and unresolved complex mixture from RSFC are 3.5 ± 1.6, 8.0 ± 3.7, 17.6 ± 6.7, and 70.9 ± 8.1%, respectively, and the compositions are featured by lower b-alkanes and higher PAHs than those of vehicle sources. The proportions of some individual n-alkanes and PAHs (such as n-C12-n-C15, naphthalene, and its alkyl substituents) can be used as indicators to differentiate RSFC from vehicle sources, while methoxyphenols can be used to distinguish biomass burning from coal combustion. Based on China's energy statistics, the total IVOC emissions from RSFC in 2014 were 175.9 Gg. These data will help to update the IVOC emission inventory and improve the estimates of SOA production in China.

Intermediate Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion Based on Field Measurements in Rural China.

Coal, like any other nonrenewable energy resource, will, by exploitation, deplete in the near future. In light of this, biomass is fast becoming an alternative material that can be used in the existing coal-to-energy conversion processes like combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Specifically, woody and algal biomasses have a huge potential in pyrolysis processes because of their renewability and high volatile matter content. A thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry study for the comparison of the slow pyrolysis behavior of wood and algal biomass with that of coal is presented in this work. At the investigated heating rates, the three materials show a significant change in pyrolysis behavior when the heating rate is increased fivefold or more. It is shown via mass loss curves that the primary pyrolysis of the three materials is characterized by multi-peak and single-peak decompositions at low and high heating rates, respectively. Wood and algae generally display high instantaneous reactivity, due to the decomposition of cellulose and protein, respectively. Heat flow curves reveal that at low heating rates (10 °C/min) heat must be constantly supplied in order to sustain the pyrolysis processes for wood and algae except for coal. At high heating rates (50 °C/min), the pyrolysis of the three materials is dominated by exothermic events, which greatly reduce the magnitude of external heating. Kinetic results based on the Coats–Redfern integral method and corroborated using the distributed activation energy model method reveal that the primary pyrolysis stage of coal at high heating rates is a multistep reaction with an activation energy range of 399.3–420.8 kJ/mol. Furthermore, results show that decomposition of wood and algae follows second- and first-order kinetics with activation energy range of 148.4–204.9 and 108.9–130.3 kJ/mol, respectively.

Comparison of the Slow Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Coal, Wood and Algae at High Heating Rates

In present work, the thermal decomposition behaviour and kinetics of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids is studied by use of models\nderived from mass-loss data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of Scenedesmus microalgae. The experimental results together\nwith known decomposition temperature range values obtained from various literature were used in a deconvolution technique to model\nthe thermal decomposition of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The models fitted well (R2 > 0.99) and revealed that the proteins have the\nhighest reactivity followed by lipids and carbohydrates. Generally, the decomposition kinetics fitted well with the Coats-Redfern first and\nsecond order kinetics as evidenced by the high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9). For the experimental conditions used in this work\n(i.e. high heating rates), the thermal decomposition of protein follows second order kinetics with an activation energy in the range of\n225.3-255.6 kJ/mol. The thermal decomposition of carbohydrate also follows second order kinetics with an activation energy in the range\nof 87.2-101.1 kJ/mol. The thermal decomposition of lipid follows first order kinetics with an activation energy in the range of 45-64.8 kJ/\nmol. This work shows that the thermal decomposition kinetics of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids can be performed without the need of\nexperimentally isolating the individual components from the bulk material. Furthermore, it was shown that at high heating rates, the\ndecomposition temperatures of the individual components overlap resulting in some interactions that have a synergistic effect on the\nthermal reactivity of carbohydrates and lipids.

Modelling of Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Proteins,Carbohydrates and Lipids Using Scenedesmus microalgae thermal Data

In this work, the co-pyrolysis of coal and algae is explored with special emphasis on decomposition kinetics and the possibility of the existence of synergistic effects. Modelling and kinetics analysis based approaches were used for the investigation of the existence of synergistic effects. The co-pyrolysis kinetics was studied using the model-free, Coats–Redfern integral method. The kinetics were evaluated for 1st and 2nd order reaction models. Results reveal that Scenedesmus microalgae is characterised by a two stage decomposition process that occurs at temperature ranges of 200–400 °C and 500–700 °C with activation energy of 145.5 and 127.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Bituminous coal has a two stage, slow decomposition process that occurs at temperature ranges of 400–700 °C and above 750 °C with an activation energy of 81.8 and 649.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, co-pyrolysis of coal and microalgae is characterised by three stages whose kinetics are dominated by the pyrolysis of the individual materials. For the studied range of coal/algae ratios, the three pyrolysis stages occur in the approximate temperature ranges of 200–400 °C, 430–650 °C and above 750 °C, with activation energies in the ranges of 131–138, 72–78 and 864.5–1235 kJ/mol, respectively. Modelling and kinetics study showed that there is strong evidence of interactions between coal and microalgae that manifest as synergistic effects especially in the second and third stages of decomposition.

/pdf/co-pyrolysis-of-south-african-bituminous-coal-and-15a2hsyz55.pdf

Co-pyrolysis of South African bituminous coal and Scenedesmus microalgae: Kinetics and synergistic effects study

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Comparison of the Slow Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Coal, Wood and Algae at High Heating Rates

Modelling of Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Proteins,Carbohydrates and Lipids Using Scenedesmus microalgae thermal Data

Co-pyrolysis of South African bituminous coal and Scenedesmus microalgae: Kinetics and synergistic effects study