This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata, which were mainly collected in northern Thailand. Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders, 23 families (of which Neomassarinaceae is new), 12 new genera (Chromolaenicola, Chromolaenomyces, Longiappendispora, Pseudocapulatispora, Murichromolaenicola, Neoophiobolus, Paraleptospora, Pseudoroussoella, Pseudostaurosphaeria, Pseudothyridariella, Setoarthopyrenia, Xenoroussoella), 47 new species (Aplosporella chromolaenae, Arthrinium chromolaenae, Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis, C. lampangensis, C. nanensis, C. thailandensis, Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus, Diaporthe chromolaenae, Didymella chromolaenae, Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae, Leptospora chromolaenae, L. phraeana, Longiappendispora chromolaenae, Memnoniella chromolaenae, Montagnula chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, M. thailandica, Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, Muyocopron chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, Neomassarina chromolaenae, Neoophiobolus chromolaenae, Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis, N. chromolaenae, N. thailandica, N. triseptatispora, Nigrograna chromolaenae, Nothophoma chromolaenae, Paraleptospora chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Patellaria chromolaenae, Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata, Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae, Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae, Pyrenochaetopsis chromolaenae, Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae, Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae, Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola, Tremateia chiangraiensis, T. chromolaenae, T. thailandensis, Xenoroussoella triseptata, Yunnanensis chromolaenae), 12 new host records, three new taxonomic combinations (Chromolaenicola siamensis, Pseudoroussoella elaeicola, Pseudothyridariella mahakashae), and two reference specimens (Torula chromolaenae, T. fici) are described and illustrated. Unlike some other hosts, e.g. bamboo (Poaceae) and Pandanaceae, the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes. Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study. Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed. Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous, which coincided with the expected origin of the host family (Asteraceae). This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts, as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host. They may, however, have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts. In a preliminary screening 40 (65%) of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus, the fungi associated with C. odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery. We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C. odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory (SMML) database, relevant literature and our study. In total, 130 taxa (116 identified and 14 unidentified species) are distributed in 20 orders, 48 families, and 85 genera. Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

Book comes with the new information and lesson every time you read it. By reading the content of this book, even few, you can gain what makes you feel satisfied. Yeah, the presentation of the knowledge by reading it may be so small, but the impact will be so great. You can take it more times to know more about this book. When you have completed content of the new family, you can really realize how importance of a book, whatever the book is

The new family

Damages of the (agro)ecosystem by extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the global dying of bee populations possibly linked to pesticide spraying, and stricter regulations for pesticide use together with successful use of microbials in IPM programs are pushing on the development and commercialization of new microbial products and a large and growing biostimulants and biocontrol market. This review focuses on microbial inoculants including bacteria, fungi, and viruses used as biostimulant or biocontrol agent for foliar application and covers all important steps from inoculant development to successful field application. Topics presented comprise typical spraying equipment including the importance of the spraying process and relating effects, furthermore formulation development including classification and adjuvants, and thirdly regulatory aspects as currently applied or under discussion. Microbial inoculants for foliar spray reported in scientific literature are summarized and contrasted with selected commercial products. Special attention is given to factors most important in microbial spray: (a) type of active ingredient (bacteria, fungi, viruses), (b) mode of action (ingestion, contact, competition), (c) interaction with the plant leaf surface, (d) droplet size in terms of microbe concentration and leaf coverage, and (e) environmental conditions during spraying. Finally, we want to emphasize that timely administration is of utmost importance for successful spraying and maximum efficacy. This might be supported by weather stations and disease/pest models as an important step towards precision farming.

Concepts and applications of foliar spray for microbial inoculants

Weeds and crop plants select their microbiota from the same pool of soil microorganisms, however, the ecology of weed microbiomes is poorly understood. We analyzed the microbiomes associated with roots and rhizospheres of grapevine and four weed species (Lamium amplexicaule L., Veronica arvensis L., Lepidium draba L. and Stellaria media L.) growing in proximity in the same vineyard using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We also isolated and characterized 500 rhizobacteria and root endophytes from L. draba and grapevine. Microbiome data analysis revealed that all plants hosted significantly different microbiomes in the rhizosphere as well as in root compartment, however, differences were more pronounced in the root compartment. The shared microbiome of grapevine and the four weed species contained 145 OTUs (54.2%) in the rhizosphere, but only nine OTUs (13.2%) in the root compartment. Seven OTUs (12.3%) were shared in all plants and compartments. Approximately 56% of the major OTUs (>1%) showed more than 98% identity to bacteria isolated in this study. Moreover, weed-associated bacteria generally showed a higher species richness in the rhizosphere, whereas the root-associated bacteria were more diverse in the perennial plants grapevine and L. draba. Overall, weed isolates showed more plant growth-promoting characteristics compared to grapevine isolates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Shared and host‐specific microbiome diversity and functioning of grapevine and accompanying weed plants

Plant-associated microorganisms are considered a key determinant of plant health and growth. However, little information is available regarding the composition and ecological function of the roots' and leaves' bacterial microbiota of halophytes. Here, using both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, we characterized the bacterial communities of the roots and leaves as well as the rhizosphere and bulk soils of the coastal halophyte Limonium sinense in Jiangsu Province, China. We identified 49 representative bacterial strains belonging to 17 genera across all samples, with Glutamicibacter as the most dominant genus. All Glutamicibacter isolates showed multiple potential plant growth promotion traits and tolerated a high concentration of NaCl and a wide pH range. Interestingly, further inoculation experiments showed that the Glutamicibacter halophytocola strain KLBMP 5180 isolated from root tissue significantly promoted host growth under NaCl stress. Indeed, KLBMP 5180 inoculation increased the concentrations of total chlorophyll, proline, antioxidative enzymes, flavonoids, K+, and Ca2+ in the leaves; the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Na+ were reduced. A transcriptome analysis identified 1,359 and 328 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in inoculated seedlings treated with 0 and 250 mM NaCl, respectively. We found that pathways related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and ion transport and metabolism might play more important roles in host salt stress tolerance induced by KLBMP 5180 inoculation compared to that in noninoculated leaves. Our results provide novel insights into the complex composition and function of the bacterial microbiota of the coastal halophyte L. sinense and suggest that halophytes might recruit specific bacteria to enhance their tolerance of harsh environments.IMPORTANCE Halophytes are important coastal plants often used for the remediation of saline coastal soils. Limonium sinense is well known for its medical properties and phytoremediation of saline soils. However, excessive exploitation and utilization have made the wild resource endangered. The use of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria may be one of the suitable ways to solve the problem. This study was undertaken to develop approaches to improve the growth of L. sinense using endophytes. The application of actinobacterial endophytes ameliorated salt stress damage of the host via complex physiological and molecular mechanisms. The results also highlight the potential of using habitat-adapted, symbiotic, indigenous endophytic bacteria to enhance the growth and ameliorate abiotic stress damage of host plants growing in special habitats.

Diversity of Bacterial Microbiota of Coastal Halophyte Limonium sinense and Amelioration of Salinity Stress Damage by Symbiotic Plant Growth-Promoting Actinobacterium Glutamicibacter halophytocola KLBMP 5180.

The role of plant-microbiome interactions in weed establishment and control.

Microbacterium species have been isolated from a wide range of hosts and environments, including heavy metal-contaminated sites. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis on the phylogenetic distribution and the genetic potential of 70 Microbacterium belonging to 20 different species isolated from heavy metal-contaminated and non-contaminated sites with particular attention to secondary metabolites gene clusters. The analyzed Microbacterium species are divided in three main functional clades. They share a small core genome (331 gene families covering basic functions) pointing to high genetic diversity. The most common secondary metabolite gene clusters encode pathways for the production of terpenoids, type III polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, potentially responsible of the synthesis of siderophore-like compounds. In vitro tests showed that many Microbacterium strains produce siderophores, ACC deaminase, auxins (IAA) and are able to solubilize phosphate. Microbacterium isolates from heavy metal contaminated sites are on average more resistant to heavy metals and harbor more genes related to metal homeostasis (e.g., metalloregulators). On the other hand, the ability to increase the metal mobility in a contaminated soil through the secretion of specific molecules seems to be widespread among all. Despite the widespread capacity of strains to mobilize several metals, plants inoculated with selected Microbacterium isolates showed only slightly increased iron concentrations, whereas concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead were decreased.

/pdf/comparative-genomics-of-microbacterium-species-to-reveal-1cyr618d08.pdf

Comparative Genomics of Microbacterium Species to Reveal Diversity, Potential for Secondary Metabolites and Heavy Metal Resistance.

Unkrauter und Ungraser tragen weltweit zu hohen Ertragseinbusen bei. Schatzungen zufolge kann mit einem Ertragsverlust von bis zu 34 % gerechnet werden (OERKE, 2006). Die grosten Ertragsverluste entstehen durch die Konkurrenz zwischen der Feldfrucht und den Unkrautern fur Licht, Nahrstoffe und Feuchtigkeit. Invasive Pflanzen tragen teilweise noch zu weiteren Problemen bei. So ist der Pollen der eingeschleppten Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., (Beifusblattriges Traubenkraut, Familie Asteraceae) ein starkes Allergen und verlangert die Saison fur europaische Pollenallergiker bis in den Oktober.Traubenkraut ist heute in Europa am haufigsten in Ungarn, Frankreich und Italien anzutreffen. In Osterreich sind Populationen vom Osten ausgehend auf landwirtschaftlichen Flachen und an Strasenrandern zahlreich.Moglichkeiten zur Eindammung der Populationen existieren kaum. Eine Pflanze produziert bis zu 6000 Samen, die im Boden 40 Jahre uberleben. Eine Kontrolle mit Herbiziden ist in Sonnenblumenfeldern aufgrund der biologischen Verwandtschaft beider Pflanzen nicht moglich. Alternativ wird eine Bekampfung mit biologischen Mitteln angestrebt. Auf Ambrosia artemisiifolia spezialisierte herbivore Insekten wurden allerdings nicht gefunden. Die Nutzung von pflanzenassoziierten Rhizobakterien und Endophyten als bioaktive Herbizide ware eine neue Alternative. Direkt aus Ambrosia artemisiifolia isolierte Bakterien haben erhohte Chancen, selektiv auf diese Pflanze zu wirken, so dass sie auch im Anbau von eng verwandten Kulturen und im biologischen Landbau angewendet werden konnten.Stichworter: AMBEL, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bakterien, Bio-Herbizide, selektive WirkungUse of rhizobacteria and endophytes for biological control of weedsAbstractWeeds cause severe yield losses in agriculture, with a maximum estimate of 34% of yield loss worldwide due to competition between the crops and the weeds for nutrition, light and humidity (OERKE, 2006). Invasive plants contribute partially to other problems. The pollen of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., for example, is five times more allergenic than grass pollen; already ten pollen grains per m3 air can trigger allergy in sensitized patients, including rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma. This neophyte from America has extended the season of allergy in European patients to October.Common ragweed is currently most frequent in Hungary, France and Italy. In Austria, ragweed populations along roads have increased dramatically since 2000.The effective means to control this weed of the Asteraceae family are limited; a single plant can produce up to 6000 seeds which stay in the soil for 40 years. Control using selective herbicides is not possible within stands of the Asteraceae member sunflower. Efforts to use herbivore insects as biological control agents also failed due to the unavailability of insects specializing on this ragweed. The use of plant-associated rhizobacteria and endophytes as bio-herbicides offers a novel alternative to conventional methods. By analogy to experiences from other plant-microbe systems, the chances to find microbes of the desired characteristics are highest when isolating and testing specimens directly from ragweed plants. These organisms often have an extremely narrow host range that permits their use for the control of among several even closely related plant species growing together in a field.Keywords: AMBEL, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, bacteria, bio-herbicide, common ragweed, selective function

/pdf/nutzung-von-rhizobakterien-und-endophyten-zur-biologischen-kcj2iaxyoi.pdf

Nutzung von Rhizobakterien und Endophyten zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Unkräutern und Ungräsern

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The role of plant-microbiome interactions in weed establishment and control.

Comparative Genomics of Microbacterium Species to Reveal Diversity, Potential for Secondary Metabolites and Heavy Metal Resistance.

Nutzung von Rhizobakterien und Endophyten zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Unkräutern und Ungräsern