Nuclear radiation was discovered in the late 1800s. Advances in nuclear physics split the atom to herald the atomic age soon afterward. Now, a century later, health care providers remain acutely aware that nuclear hazards may present instantly and unexpectedly, with devastating and massive results. This article highlights known radiation injuries from military and accidental explosions. This information is critical for the preparedness of health care providers in view of aging nuclear power plants, potential industrial and medical accidents, and the buildup of military weapons by other countries.

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Radiation injuries from military and accidental explosions: a brief historical review.

An analysis of correlations between cytogenetic indices in lymphocytes and levels of reduced glutathione in the plasma of peripheral blood in children born after the Chernobyl accident is presented. The studied systems in the child population demonstrated different responses to low-level radiation of their mothers living in conditions of radionuclide contamination (1–20 Ci/km2 of 137Cs). Low doses of radiation accumulated by mothers (below 30 cSv) proved to have a more pronounced effect on the studied systems in children as compared to high doses (from 30 to 60 cSv).

Possible Relationships between Plasma Glutathione Levels and Cytogenetic Indices in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Children Exposed to Low Doses of Radiation

The radiation effects on the human populations living in regions distant from the sites of nuclear explosions that took place in the middle of the previous century are analyzed. The statistical modelling was performed to study the occurrence frequency of abnormal lymphocyte cells among the proliferated ones in the blood of individuals living in the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous district (North Siberia), and settlements in Maloe Goloustnoe and Listvyanka (Pribaikal’e). Four generations of individuals were tested. It was shown that the geometric model component corresponds to the individuals with bad activated lymphocyte cells, lymphocyte pool depletion, and increased mortality, and the Poisson model means accumulation of abnormal cells. The Poisson component was only revealed in younger generations and can be interpreted as “effect of youth.” The worst situation is observed in the Northern population, which can be expected due to Northern permafrost and the traditional food chain of “lichen-reindeer-man”. The influence of the radiochemical industry on the occurrence of multi-aberrant cells in the blood of its workers and the inhabitants of the town in which it operates was studied by the statistical modelling, with elevated chromosomal instability being found. We conclude that chromosomal instability induced by nuclear test fallout continued for four generations. It was shown that the Poisson sample mean decreased very slowly across a generation which disputes the opinion that reduction of cellular instability in youngsters in the previous investigations was based on the averaged values. In addition, aging and extreme conditions increase the risks of chromosomal instability and mortality.

Instability Process Across Generations. Consequences of Nuclear Test Fallout for Inhabitants

The cytogenetic examination of 178 persons living in seven settlements of the Altai region exposed to ionizing radiation during Semipalatinsk nuclear tests in 1949-1962 was carried out. It was shown that more than 80% of absorbed dose was due to the first nuclear explosion in 1949. The frequency of chromosome aberrations (dicentrics and rings) significantly exceeded the control level. The linear correlation between the dicentrics and rings frequency and absorbed dose was found. The cells with more than one aberrations were revealed in irradiated persons. This is supposed to be the result of 239Pu alpha-radiation.

The cytogenetic effects in the population of the Altai Territory subjected to ionizing radiation exposure as a result of the nuclear explosions at the Semipalatinsk proving grounds

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The cytogenetic effects in the population of the Altai Territory subjected to ionizing radiation exposure as a result of the nuclear explosions at the Semipalatinsk proving grounds