Humans have always relied heavily on materials in their daily lives. Humans have always used conventional materials to meet their needs, but new materials have had to be developed to meet the demands of modern society. By including novel elements, it is possible to change the characteristics of traditional materials. As a result, reinforcement (some additional material like fiber, nanoparticles, metal, etc.) is blended with conventional materials to increase their varied qualities. This review paper examines the impact of reinforcements on various polymer composite characterizations. Control variables for various wear analyses of polymer composites are also included. It was seen that fillers played a significant role in enhancing the mechanical, tribological, and erosive properties of polymer composites. 

The role of fillers to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and wear characteristics of polymer composite materials: A review

ABSTRACT In the present study, the Behavior of Dissimilar A356-AZ91/CeO2 Aluminum-Magnesium Based Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Process Technique was observed. The Macrostructure of A356-AZ91/5%CeO2/2% Ni showed a defect-free and crack-free composite. Microstructural examination revealed that the FSP effectively distributed the CeO2 particles within the matrix, resulting in a refined microstructure. Tensile strength of A356-AZ91 matrix material was improved by about 38.04% after the addition of 5% CeO2. However, with the 2% Ni addition to A356-AZ91/5% CeO2 composite displaying further enhancement. The addition of 5% CeO2 and 2% Ni to the A356-AZ91 alloy through FSP showed a 44.78% improvement in tensile strength. There was an improvement in the hardness after adding the 2% Ni- 5% CeO2 particles was found 41.66%. Hardness of A356-AZ91-5% CeO2 was improved only by about 28.33% without addition of 2% Ni. Wear testing of aluminum composite was carried out using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The wear rate of A356-AZ91 alloy decreased by about 70% after the addition of the 2% Ni- 5% CeO2 particles. However, wear rate of A356-AZ91 alloy decreased only by about 61.66% after the addition of 5% CeO2 particles.

Effect of Ni addition on the behavior of dissimilar A356-AZ91/CeO
 2
 aluminum-magnesium based composite fabricated by friction stir process technique

The microwave cladding technique for depositing Ni and 10 % B4C coatings on 304 stainless steel has yielded significant advancements in material properties and performance. The key findings of this study revealed remarkable improvements, including a 43.33% increase in material hardness, indicating enhanced wear resistance and mechanical properties. This improvement was attributed to the uniform distribution of B4C and Ni on the cladding surface, ensuring a consistent interfacial layer developed between SS 304 and the cladding surface without cracks and porosity. Microstructural analysis at 500× magnification unveiled an impressive 2233.35 grains per square inch, showcasing the refined grain structure achieved during the cladding process. Wear testing demonstrated a low wear rate of 0.00308 mm³/m and a favorable coefficient of friction of 0.1981, confirming the material's suitability for applications with demanding frictional conditions. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior of the coated 304 stainless steel was assessed, revealing a minimal corrosion weight loss of only 0.42 mg for the Ni and 10% B4C coated sample. The presence of various carbide phases, such as Cr2C, Cr23C6, Cr7BC4, Fe5C2, and Fe23B6, within the cladding further contributed to the material's enhanced mechanical and wear properties. 

Homogeneity, metallurgical, mechanical, wear, and corrosion behavior of Ni and B4C coatings deposited on 304 stainless steels developed by microwave cladding technique

In this study, a copper-based composite reinforced with Al2O3 and Ni with different weight percent was produced using the Friction Stir Processing (FSP) technique. The macrostructure and microstructure of the composite were characterized to understand the arrangement and distribution of the reinforcement particles. The wettability of the composite was evaluated to determine its ability of reinforcement to interact with the matrix material. Uniform distribution and fair interaction of Al2O3 and Ni particles were found in the Cu-based matrix material Tensile and hardness tests were conducted to measure the mechanical properties of the composite and assess its strength and resistance to deformation. The hardness and tensile strength of copper after the addition of 5 % Al2O3 and 2 % Ni was improved by about 43.33 % and 50.45 % respectively. The number of grains was found to be about 2740.07 per square inch for Cu/5 % Al2O3/2 % Ni processed composite with FSP per square inch at 500 magnifications. Additionally, wear analysis was carried out to investigate the wear behavior of the composite under specific loading conditions. XRD analysis was performed to examine the crystallographic behavior and integrity of the composite. The identified phases of the Cu/Al2O3/Ni composite after XRD analysis were Cu, Al2O3, Ni, and Cu2O. The results obtained from these various analyses provided valuable insights into the structural, mechanical, and wettability properties of the copper-based composite reinforced with Al2O3 and Ni, fabricated using the FSP technique. 

Development and Characterization of Cu-Ni- Al2O3 Surface Composite Developed by Friction Stir Process Technique

This study aims to investigate the behavior of AZ91- A356 alloy after the addition of CeO2 and Ni using the friction stir processing (FSP) technique. The Macrostructure of AZ91- A356/2 % Ni/5 % CeO2 showed a crack-free and defect-free composite. The microstructure image showed fair distribution for AZ91- A356/2 % Ni/5 % CeO2 composite. The interfacial layer analysis aimed to determine the formation and characteristics of the layer between the processed alloy and the reinforcement. A strong interfacial layer between A356-AZ91, CeO2, and Ni was found for AZ91- A356/2 % Ni/5 % CeO2 composite. The addition of 5 % CeO2 and 2% Ni showed a 44.78% improvement in tensile strength and a 38.84% improvement in hardness. The number of grains was found to be about 2521.38 per square inch at 500 magnifications for AZ91- A356/2 % Ni/5 % CeO2 processed composite with FSP. The formations of Al, Mg, NiAl3, CeO2, and Ni phases were observed in XRD. The wear rate of AZ91- A356 alloy decreased by about 68.85% after the addition of the 2% Ni- 5% CeO2 particles. The results of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the processing-structure-properties relationship in the A356-AZ91 alloy and guide the development of improved dissimilar materials and processing techniques. 

Effect of CeO2–Ni addition on the behavior of AZ91- A356 based composite fabricated by friction solid state technique

Studies on mechanical, thermal, and water immersion of plant and animal wastage nanofiller–based bio-fiber-reinforced composites

Deciphering the pathways for evaluation of nanofillers for polymer composites: biodegradability, sustainability, and emerging applications

Light weight polymer composites have been researched for a long time as potential replacements for metallic materials in every field of engineering. Material scientists are focused on using natural materials as constituents of polymer composite to make it bio-degradable, non-toxic, and safer for the environment. But an obstacle in place for this is the low mechanical properties of the bio-composites. Mechanical properties depend on reinforcement, which can be enhanced to a certain extent using different fiber architectures while introducing into the polymer matrix to develop the composite material. In this study, the various fiber reinforcement architectures are present and their influence on different properties has been discussed. In addition, the evolution in the fiber architecture used in polymer composite have also been discussed. The various difficulties faced have been discussed with possible methods to overcome them.

Deciphering the pathways for deployment of different architecture of chemically treated and untreated fibers in polymeric materials for performance enhancement

Review on conversion of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) waste for making value added polymers

Development and mechanical characterization of PLA composites reinforced with jute and nettle bio fibers

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