Plums are widely consumed, contain high levels of phenolic compounds, and have strong antioxidant activity. In this study, the main Sichuan cultivars ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ were used to study the changes in the appearance, internal quality, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities during fruit development and the expression of phenolic-compound-related structural genes. The results showed that, during development of the two plums, the total soluble solid and soluble sugar contents were highest at the mature stage. The phenolic contents (total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total flavanol content (TFAC)) trended gradually downward as the fruits of the two cultivars matured, while the total anthocyanin content gradually increased in ‘Cuihongli’. The main phenolic components were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, rutin, and proanthocyanidin B1. The changes in the DPPH and FRAP scavenging activities decreased with fruit ripening. The antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the TPC, TFC, and TFAC. In the two cultivars, the total phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant capacity were higher in the peel than in the pulp. CHS, PAL3, and HCT1 may be the regulatory genes related to the accumulation of phenolic substances in the pericarp and pulp of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’. HCT1 may be an important regulator involved in the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in plums. The changes in the quality of the phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant activity were elucidated during the development of the main plum cultivars in Sichuan, particularly the changes that provided a theoretical basis for the development of bioactive substances in local plum cultivars.

/pdf/changes-in-phenolic-compounds-and-antioxidant-activity-1u4l185d.pdf

Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity during Development of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ Fruit

Abstract Okra pod is sensitive to low temperature, which results in chilling injury under improper low‐temperature storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on okra pod stored at 4 ± 1°C for 12 days and illuminate the mechanism of MeJA alleviating chilling injury. Compared to the control, MeJA treatments maintained lower relative electric conductivity (REC), chilling injury (CI) degree, and lignin content, as well as higher total soluble solids, total soluble sugar, pectin content, and chlorophyll content. The factor analysis was applied to comprehensively evaluate the effects of MeJA so that 1 μmol/L MeJA was screened as the optimum concentration to maintain the okra quality throughout the storage time. In contrast with control, MeJA not only accelerated the generation of antioxidant substances (phenolics and flavonoids) but also increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD) activity, inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content accumulation, and the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. This work confirmed that MeJA could effectively alleviate chilling injury and maintain the quality during cold‐stored by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. These results provide theoretical guidance for the application of MeJA in okra storage and preservation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fsn3.3241

Methyl jasmonate treatment alleviates chilling injury and improves antioxidant system of okra pod during cold storage

Chilling injury (CI) is a bottleneck factor constraining the refrigeration and cold chain logistics of mango fruit. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is an important phytohormone that can regulate multiple abiotic stresses. This study evaluated the potential effects of MeJA on CI in 'Guifei' mango fruit stored at 4 °C and its underlying mechanisms involved in the regulation of antioxidation and energy status. The application of 50 µM MeJA mitigated CI symptoms and improved ripening-related quality during refrigeration, as indicated by a lowered CI index, retarded declines in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and chromaticity L* and advanced color transformation (from green to yellow), softening and accumulation of soluble solids. MeJA treatment repressed the increases in relative conductivity (RC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (O2-. and H2O2). Reduced ROS generation in MeJA-treated fruit was a consequence of the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Ultrastructural observation revealed that MeJA treatment protected mitochondrial structure. MeJA treatment promoted intracellular energy synthesis and utilization, as indicated by increments in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP) level, activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase as well as contents of reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2). In addition, the expression levels of genes (MiAPYs, MiENTs, MiPUPs and MiAPRTs) related to extracellular ATP (eATP) hydrolysis, eATP transport and iATP regeneration were upregulated in response to MeJA, contributing to maintenance of eATP/iATP homeostasis. These findings suggest that MeJA could reinforce cold tolerance in mango fruit by inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting energy metabolism. 

Mitigation of chilling injury in mango fruit by methyl jasmonate is associated with regulation of antioxidant capacity and energy homeostasis

Anthocyanins are natural pigments that give a red, purple, and blue color to many plant, flower, fruit, and vegetable species. Their presence within the genus Citrus was first reported in 1916, and it is well-known that the red color of the flesh and rind of blood (red or pigmented) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is due to the presence of anthocyanins. They are also present in the young shoots, flowers, and peel of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.), citron (Citrus medica L.), and other citrus species. Since then, the scientific community has expressed increasing interest in studying their profile and distribution, with many published studies focused on the quali-quantitative pattern in the different vegetative tissues belonging to the genus Citrus. Moreover, with the discovery of their relevant antioxidant activity, owing to their ability to capture free radicals, much research has been performed in the last two decades on their radical scavenging power, in vitro and in vivo biological properties, and anticarcinogenic capacity, also focusing attention on their bioavailability for humans. The present work is intended as a comprehensive review of the advances in scientific research on anthocyanin pigments naturally occurring within the genus Citrus, including their natural distribution, antioxidant capacity, bioavailability, and biological value and properties. The scientific evidence herein reported can be used to further increase the knowledge of this class of compounds and represents a valuable and comprehensive contribution to promoting anthocyanin-rich citrus fruit consumption as a healthy dietary habit.

/pdf/distribution-antioxidant-capacity-bioavailability-and-q8ifggq5.pdf

Distribution, Antioxidant Capacity, Bioavailability and Biological Properties of Anthocyanin Pigments in Blood Oranges and Other Citrus Species

This study investigated the effect of melatonin (MT) on postharvest storage quality of passion fruit. Passion fruits were treated with four different concentrations of MT solutions (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol/L) for 30 min and stored for 8 days. Compared with the control, the optimal MT concentration (200 μmol/L) treatment significantly reduced the shrinkage index, browning index, weight loss, ethylene production, and respiration rate, and delayed the decline of firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and color, thus maintaining the quality of postharvest fruits. Exogenous MT enhances antioxidant activity and reduces fruit oxidative damage by inhibiting the increase in pericarp cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, maintaining high ascorbic acid (AsA), total phenolics, and flavonoids content, and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. These findings suggest that postharvest exogenous application of MT is effective in maintaining passion fruit quality and delaying senescence. 

Effect of exogenous melatonin on postharvest storage quality of passion fruit through antioxidant metabolism

Cold storage preserves lemon fruit quality; however, it can result in significant chilling injury (CI). The effects of pre- and post-harvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments at four concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mM) on CI and sensory quality of lemons during 80 d of storage at 7–10 °C were investigated. Both pre- and post-harvest MeJA treatments reduced CI, weight loss (WL) and maintained higher firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acidity (TA) than in the controls. Antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in the control fruit but increased in both pre- and post-harvest MeJA-treated fruit. In addition, phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were higher in the control than in the MeJA-treated fruit. Pre-harvest MeJA treatment generally preserved fruit better than post-harvest MeJA treatment, with the best results observed when MeJA was applied at 0.3 mM, which enhanced the antioxidant system of the lemon fruits, thus reducing the post-harvest incidence of chilling injury. These results have important implications for improved fruit quality post-harvest.

/pdf/pre-or-post-harvest-treatment-with-meja-improves-post-2zpwruok.pdf

Pre- or Post-Harvest Treatment with MeJA Improves Post-Harvest Storage of Lemon Fruit by Stimulating the Antioxidant System and Alleviating Chilling Injury

Blood orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is a rare commercial citrus fruit containing abundant anthocyanins and has numerous health benefits. Blood orange rootstock determines the fruit yield and quality. This study evaluated the effect of the three most commonly used rootstocks on the fruit features, color index, physicochemical parameters, anthocyanin accumulation, the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression, and the associated enzymes during the fruit development and ripening of ‘Tarocco’ blood orange. The highest anthocyanin content at harvest was found in blood orange trees grafted onto ‘Trifoliate orange’ (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf., Pt) rootstock. Molecular analyses revealed that the rootstock affects the anthocyanin accumulation in the blood orange. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between the anthocyanin content and the expression and the activity of related genes and enzymes, respectively. Based on gene expression and enzymatic activity analyses, Pt rootstock promotes a very high anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tarocco’ blood orange fruit. Accordingly, Pt is the promising rootstock for producing good quality and highly nutritious ‘Tarocco’ blood orange fruit for commercial purposes.

/pdf/rootstock-effects-on-anthocyanin-accumulation-and-associated-3oe5tx0c.pdf

Rootstock Effects on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Associated Biosynthetic Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity during Fruit Development and Ripening of Blood Oranges

Interstock is an important agronomic technique for regulating plant growth and fruit quality, and overcoming the incompatibility between rootstocks and scions; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of tangor grafting, with and without interstocks, on the growth and development of scions were analyzed by combining morphology, physiology, anatomy and transcriptomics. Morphological and physiological analyses showed that interstocks (‘Aiyuan 38’ and ‘Daya’) significantly improved the growth of seedlings, effectively enhanced the foliar accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and increased the thickness of leaf tissues. Using ‘Aiyuan 38’ as the interstock, photosynthetic efficiency and starch content of citrus seedlings improved. Transcriptomics showed that genes related to photosynthesis and photosynthetic antenna proteins were upregulated in interstock-treated seedlings, with significant upregulation of photosystem PSI- and PSII-related genes. In addition, multiple key genes may be involved in plant hormone signaling, starch and sucrose metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the role of interstocks in regulating and contributing to the growth and development of grafted seedlings, and will further define and deploy candidate genes to explore the mechanisms of rootstock-interstock-scion interactions.

/pdf/comparative-transcriptomic-and-physiological-analyses-reveal-j1cpx08m.pdf

Comparative Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal Key Factors for Interstocks to Improve Grafted Seedling Growth in Tangor

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Pre- or Post-Harvest Treatment with MeJA Improves Post-Harvest Storage of Lemon Fruit by Stimulating the Antioxidant System and Alleviating Chilling Injury

Rootstock Effects on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Associated Biosynthetic Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity during Fruit Development and Ripening of Blood Oranges

Comparative Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal Key Factors for Interstocks to Improve Grafted Seedling Growth in Tangor