[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

A novel magnetic SO4/Fe-Al-TiO2 solid acid catalyst was synthesized for biodiesel production via the (trans)esterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). The nanocomposite catalyst was prepared by the sequential functionalisation of commercial rutile/anatase mixed phase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with alumina as a buffer layer, and subsequently hematite to impart magnetic character, prior to sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid to introduce Bronsted acidity. XRD showed that the SO4/Fe-Al-TiO2 catalyst comprised titania (rutile and anatase phases), aluminium sulphate, and hematite nanoparticles, while electron microscopy revealed the layer-by-layer assembly of these components within the SO4/Fe-Al-TiO2 catalyst. FTIR confirmed the presence of surface sulphate groups SO42- and S2O72-/S3O102-, creating a predominantly Bronsted acid catalyst with high acid loading. The catalyst achieved 96 % fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield from WCO after 2.5 h of reaction at 90 °C, using 3 wt% of the magnetic catalyst, and a methanol:oil molar ratio of 10:1. SO4/Fe-Al-TiO2 was also effective for feedstocks containing up to 20 wt% of free fatty acid (FFA), and showed excellent stability for WCO (trans)esterification over 10 recycles.

/pdf/a-magnetically-separable-so-4-fe-al-tio-2-solid-acid-1p3kic10qm.pdf

A magnetically separable SO 4 /Fe-Al-TiO 2 solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

A novel solid acid nano-catalyst [Ti(SO 4 )O] was synthesised and used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) to produce biodiesel. The synthesised nano-catalyst was fully characterized by different analytical techniques. The XPS results clearly confirmed that the bidentate sulphate coordinated to the Ti 4+ metal in the nano-catalyst product. Obtained d -spacing values from the experimental data of XRD peaks and the SAED pattern of produced nano-catalyst agreed well with the d -spacing values from the JCPDS-ICDD card numbers 04-011-4951 for titanium sulphate oxide or titanium oxysulfate crystal structures.This confirms the sulphate groups were within the crystalline structure rather than on the surface of titania nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported. It has been demonstrated 97.1% yield for the fatty acid methyl ester can be achieved usign the synthetised catalyst under a reaction time of 3 h, catalyst to UCO ration of 1.5 wt% and methanol to UCO ratio of 9:1 at 75 °C reaction temperature. The nano-catalyst showed a good catalytic activity for the feedstock containing ≤6 wt% free fatty acid. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and re-usability of the Ti(SO 4 )O for the esterification/transesterification of UCO were investigated. XRD results confirmed that the amount of S O 4 2 − species in the solid acid nano-catalyst slowly decreased with re-use after 8 cycles under optimised conditions, which is higher than the reusability of other functionalised titania reported in the literature. Finally, the biodiesel prodcued from this process satisfied the ASTM and European Norm standards.

/pdf/synthesis-of-ti-so4-o-solid-acid-nano-catalyst-and-its-3ssis64l77.pdf

Synthesis of Ti(SO4)O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Effect of molybdenum promoter on performance of high silica MoO3/B-ZSM-5 nanocatalyst in biodiesel production

The discovery of alternative fuels that can replace conventional fuels has become the goal of many scientific researches. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils through a transesterification reaction that converts triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), with the use of a low molecular weight alcohol, in different reaction conditions and with different types of catalysts. Titanium dioxide has shown a high potential as heterogeneous catalyst due to high surface area, strong metal support interaction, chemical stability, and acid–base property. This review focused on TiO2 as heterogeneous catalyst and its potential applications in the continuous flow production of biodiesel. Furthermore, the use of micro reactors, able to make possible chemical transformations not feasible with traditional techniques, will enable a reduction of production costs and a greater environmental protection.

Titanium Dioxide as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

A solid acid catalyst SO42−/TiO2/La3+ was prepared via sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate as TiO2 precursor. The catalyst simultaneously catalyzed esterification and transesterification resulting in the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with high content of free fatty acids as feedstock. The optimization of reaction conditions was also performed. The maximum yield of more than 90% could be obtained under the optimized conditions that catalyst amount 5 wt. % of oil, 10:1 molar ratio (methanol to oil), temperature 110 °C, and esterification of 1 h. The catalyst can be reused for five times by activation without observing the decrease of its catalytic performance. The final products were purified by molecular distillation and detected by GC-MS. The content of fatty acid methyl esters was 96.16%.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by solid acid SO42−/TiO2/La3+

The invention provides a method for preparing terephthalic acid ester plasticizer with a pressurization method. The method comprises the following steps that terephthalic acid, alcohol and a catalyst are mixed to be subjected to esterification reaction to obtain a terephthalic acid ester raw-product, and the terephthalic acid ester raw-product is subjected to neutralization washing and reduced pressure distillation to obtain a terephthalic acid ester finished-product; the esterification reaction is carried out in a high-pressure reactor under pressurization; in the reaction process, the pressure keeps at most 1.6MPa, and the reaction temperature is at most 250 DEG C; when the system pressure is beyond 1.6MPa in reaction, a reducing valve is turned on to exhaust and reduce pressure, and gas is recovered to be condensed; the reaction is carried out for 1-3 hours and then is finished until the acid value of a product is at most 1; and in the reaction, the alcohol is excessive, and the alcohol is C1-10. The method uses the terephthalic acid as a raw material to prepare the terephthalic acid ester plasticizer under the condition of pressurization. The variety of the raw material is not strictly restricted, the reaction time is short, the operation is simple and easy, the used solvents can be efficiently recovered, and the environment is friendly. The method is suitable for industrial production.

Method for preparing terephthalic acid ester plasticizer with pressurization method

A microwave assisted green process has been developed for production of sugars through liquefying holocellulose catalyzed with sulfonated char derived from the lignin-rich residue produced during pretreatment of lignocellulose. Various reaction parameters including the hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time, catalyst content, and the ratio of water to feedstock were evaluated. The maximum sugars yield of 82.6% (based on the dry mass of holocellulose) was obtained under the optimum reaction conditions. The sulfonated char showed superior catalytic performance to that of dilute sulfuric acid in converting holocellulose into sugars under microwave irradiation.

/pdf/microwave-assisted-hydrolysis-of-holocellulose-catalyzed-1vuoeja9j2.pdf

Microwave Assisted Hydrolysis of Holocellulose Catalyzed with Sulfonated Char Derived from Lignin-Rich Residue

The invention relates to a method for rapidly synthesizing polyester polyol at low pressure, comprising the following steps of: by taking the benzoic acid or the benzoic anhydride and polyhydric alcohols as raw materials, carrying out esterification reaction to obtain polyester polyol in the presence of a catalyst, and dewatering at reduced pressure till the acid value is less than 1mg KOH/g, so that a finished product can be obtained, wherein the reaction is carried out in a high-pressure kettle, and the pressure is kept to be less than 0.5Mpa in the process of reaction, when the increase of the pressure exceeds 0.5MPa, the moisture and gas generated in the process of reaction are discharged by pressure releasing of a pressure release valve; and recovering and condensing the gas, wherein the reaction temperature is 190DEG C-250DEG C till the acid value of the product is reduced to be less than 7mgKOH/g, so that the reaction is finished. According to the method, the esterification reaction speed can be greatly accelerated in a pressurization way, and the gas phase components such as the system moisture can be removed by means of pressure release. The acid value of the product can be reduced to be less than 7mgKOH/g only by 4 hours, and qualified polyester polyol can be obtained only by further refining treatment. According to the method, the reaction speed can be effectively accelerated, and the reaction time can be greatly shortened; the energy consumption can be saved; and the content of the harmful substances in the byproduct water can be greatly reduced due to the pressurized reaction and the short-time reaction.

Device for rapidly synthesizing polyester polyol at low pressure

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Papers

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by solid acid SO42−/TiO2/La3+

Method for preparing terephthalic acid ester plasticizer with pressurization method

Microwave Assisted Hydrolysis of Holocellulose Catalyzed with Sulfonated Char Derived from Lignin-Rich Residue

Device for rapidly synthesizing polyester polyol at low pressure