Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): recovery of metals

Metallurgical process for valuable elements recovery from red mud—A review

Biorefinery production of fuels and chemicals represents an attractive route for solving current energy crisis, as well as reducing green-house gas (GHG) emissions from ships, planes, and long-haul trucks. The current biorefinery industry is under transition from the use of food (1 G, 1st generation), to the use of biomass (2 G, 2nd generation). Moreover, the use of atmospheric CO2 (3 G, 3rd generation) has caught increased attention as the possible next-generation biorefinery. Here we discuss how microorganisms can be engineered for CO2-based biorefineries to produce fuels and chemicals. We start through reviewing different metabolic pathways that can be recruited for CO2 fixation, followed by different opportunities for CO2 fixation, either through co-consumption with sugars or used as the sole carbon source. Key challenges and future research directions for advancing 3rd-generation biorefineries are also be discussed. 

Opportunities of CO2-based biorefineries for production of fuels and chemicals

Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste discharged in the alumina production process. Because of its large amount of discharge and high alkalinity, it is mostly stored in dams, occupying a large number of land resources and posing a great safety hazard to the ecological environment. The large-scale consumption of red mud is a global technical problem. Different alumina production processes will produce different types of red mud, mainly Bayer process red mud. In addition to its overall utilization in the field of building materials, agriculture, the environment, and the chemical industry, red mud also contains valuable metal elements, such as titanium, iron, scandium, and aluminum, and is an important secondary mineral resource. This paper focuses on the principle and characteristics of red mud metallurgical treatment for the extraction of valuable components and looks forward to the prospect of large-scale, harmless, and high-value comprehensive utilization technology for red mud in China.

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Summary of Research Progress on Metallurgical Utilization Technology of Red Mud

The Sabatier principle defines the essential criteria for an ideal catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis, while reaching the Sabatier optimum is still challenging in catalyst design. Herein, an elegant strategy is described to reach the Sabatier optimum of Ni electrocatalyst in CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) by atomically Zn doping. The incorporation of 3% Zn single atom into Ni lattice leads to the moderate degrade of d-band center via Ni-Zn electronic coupling, which balances the bonding strengths of *COOH and *CO, resulting in a relative low energy barrier for CO2 activation while not being substantially poisoned by CO. Consequently, NiZn0.03 /C exhibits unique catalytic activity (jCO >100 mA cm-2 at -0.6 V), wide potential range for selective CO production (FECO >90% from -0.65 to -1.15 V), and outstanding long-term stability (FECO >90% during 85 h electrolysis at -0.85 V). The results provide valuable insights for the rational fabrication of superior non-noble bimetallic electrocatalysts in CO2 electroreduction.

Atomic Zn-Doping Induced Sabatier Optimum in NiZn0.03 Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction at Industrial-Level Current Densities.

Co anchored on porphyrinic triazine-based frameworks with excellent biocompatibility for conversion of CO2 in H2-mediated microbial electrosynthesis

Efficient CO2 conversion by biocompatible N-doped carbon nanosheets coupled with Ralstonia eutropha: synergistic interactions between microbial and inorganic catalysts

In this paper,the distribution characteristic of Scandiumin red mud,methods of extracting Scandiumfromred mud and correlative processing conditions in recent years at home and abroad are systemsummarized,it is to find an eccoˉnomical and reasonable technological process for the utilization of domestic red mud and extracting Scandium.

Summarization of Extracting Scandium from Red Mud

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Co anchored on porphyrinic triazine-based frameworks with excellent biocompatibility for conversion of CO2 in H2-mediated microbial electrosynthesis

Efficient CO2 conversion by biocompatible N-doped carbon nanosheets coupled with Ralstonia eutropha: synergistic interactions between microbial and inorganic catalysts

Summarization of Extracting Scandium from Red Mud