Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.

Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer.

Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation

Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.

Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors.

Organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) have been recently intensively investigated as they hold promise for flexible, large-area, and low-cost energy generation or heating–cooling devices for appealing app...

https://www.chinesechemsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.31635/ccschem.021.202101167

Molecular Insights into n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics

Conjugated polymers (CPs) with low molecular packing order are promising candidates for application in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), particularly in flexible devices, because the disordered structures can effectively accommodate dopants and ensure robust resistance to bending. On the other hand, n-doped CPs usually exhibit inferior thermoelectric performance, restricting the development of high-performance thermoelectric generators. Herein, we report an n-type CP (ThDPP-CNBTz) by alternating two acceptor units of thiophene-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole and cyano-functionalized benzothiadiazole. ThDPP-CNBTz shows a low-lying LUMO level below -4.20 eV and features low crystallinity, enabling the attainment of high doping efficiency. Moreover, the dual-acceptor molecular design enhances polaron delocalization, thereby improving the thermoelectric performance of the polymer. After n-doping, ThDPP-CNBTz exhibits an electrical conductivity (s) of 50.6 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) of 126.8 μW m-1 K-2, which ranks among the highest reported for solution-processed n-type CPs to date. Additionally, solution-processed flexible OTE device employing doped ThDPP-CNBTz achieves a PF of 70 μW m-1 K-2. Meanwhile, the flexible OTE devices present remarkable resistance to bending strain, with marginal change in σ after 600 bending cycles. The findings presented in this work will advance the development of n-type CPs for OTE devices, with a particular focus on flexible properties.

An n-Type Conjugated Polymer with Low Crystallinity for High-Performance Organic Thermoelectrics.

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Molecular Insights into n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics