The tribo-characteristics of metal forming at high temperatures have not yet been well understood due to the complex nature of thermal, microstructural, interaction, and process parameters. This is a review paper on the effects of temperature, coating, and lubrication to the tribological characteristics in hot forming as well as the tribometers for different metal forming processes at elevated temperatures mainly based on the experimental work. The tribological behaviors of oxides in hot forming, such as rolling and stamping, were reviewed and presented. Some commonly used surface coatings and lubricants in hot forming were given. Many types of tribometer were selected and presented and some of them provided a great potential to characterize friction and wear at elevated temperatures. Nevertheless, more testing conditions should be further investigated by developing new tribometers. Eventually, experimental results obtained from reliable tribometers could be used in theory and model developments for different forming processes and materials at high temperatures. The review also showed the great potential in further investigations and innovation in tribology.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40544-015-0077-3.pdf

Tribology in metal forming at elevated temperatures

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4132&context=eispapers

Oxide scale characterization of ferritic stainless steel and its deformation and friction in hot rolling

Polyphosphate inorganic polymer is evaluated as a high-performance lubricant for steel/steel contacts at 600, 700, and 800 °C. In situ thermal tests of this lubricant indicate that liquid lubrication at the rubbing interface is occurring. Tribological testing indicates the molten polyphosphate is effective as a lubricant and, reduces friction and wear of the sliding steel/steel tribo pair substantially. The lubricated steel/steel pair shows desirable tribological performance that correlates closely with the temperature-dependent hierarchical structure of the tribo-interface under the combination of pressure, shear, and temperature. Morphological observation of worn surfaces and interfaces of steel discs is achieved using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compositional analysis and elemental distribution are performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray on a scanning TEM. These enable the tribochemical reactions at the rubbing surface and the formation mechanism of the hierarchical tribo-interface to be understood.

The Influence of Alkali Metal Polyphosphate on the Tribological Properties of Heavily Loaded Steel on Steel Contacts at Elevated Temperatures

Formation mechanism of surface scale defects in hot rolling process

Reduction of friction of steel covered with oxide scale in hot forging

Deformation of oxide scale on steel surface during hot rolling

In hot rolling process, scale is formed on steel surface by oxidation at high temperature. As the scale influences the friction between roll and workpiece, the scale affects rolling characteristics significantly. The influence has not been understood sufficiently due to experimental difficulties. The authors proposed to use glass powder to observe the scale as hot rolled. The pickled cold mild steel sheet was inserted to a furnace at hot rolling temperature (1273K) filled with argon. After 600 s, the atmosphere was changed from argon to air to allow oxide scale to grow for 0, 10, 40 s. After the oxidation, the sheet was rolled immediately on a two-high laboratory rolling mill. The thickness was reduced from 10 to 40%. After passing the roll bite, glass powder was sprinkled over the sheet. Scanning electron microscopy on the longitudional section revealed that the scale deformation is relatively uniform if the reduction is lower than 20%. If the reduction is higher than 30%, matrix steel is extruded through cracks in the scale to the outermost surfaces.

Investigation of Scale Behaviour during Hot Steel Rolling by Oxide Glass

Development of Decision Support System for Operator in Hot Strip Mill

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Deformation of oxide scale on steel surface during hot rolling

Investigation of Scale Behaviour during Hot Steel Rolling by Oxide Glass

Development of Decision Support System for Operator in Hot Strip Mill