With the increasing demands of indoor air quality monitoring, highly sensitive and selective gas sensor arrays consisting of metal oxide semiconductors have been increasingly studied. As an effective strategy to obtain the desired performance, noble metal functionalization is frequently chosen owing to its target-specific sensing mechanisms. However, the lack of a comprehensive analysis on the sensing mechanisms of different combinations of metal oxides and noble metals limit the versatility of these sensor arrays for use in selective gas sensor arrays. In this study, we fabricate a 3 × 3 gas sensor array to obtain a reliable comparison of the sensing mechanism through the use of three metal oxides—WO3, SnO2 and NiO—in three different nanostructure forms: a thin film and dome-like nanostructures with and without Au nanoparticle (NP) decoration. The responses of the sensor arrays to four target gases (CH3COCH3, C6H5CH3, NH3, and H2S) are generally enhanced by the dome-like nanostructure and show distinctively enhanced responses when the sensors are decorated with Au NPs. Moreover, the dome-like SnO2 with Au NPs shows an increase of up to 121 times for C6H5CH3 compared with the pristine SnO2 thin film. Additionally, the sensitization effects of Au NPs depend on the types of metal oxides and gases, which improve the gas discrimination capability by diversifying the gas selectivity of the sensor units in the array. The prepared sensor array can distinguish four target gases by principal component analysis (PCA). The contributions of different enhancement mechanisms, which are dependent on the gases and metal oxides, are investigated by comparing the activation energy of each gas response with and without Au. The comparison among the chosen gases reveals that the decoration of Au NPs is effective for C6H5CH3 and NH3 regardless of the type of metal oxide. Among the metal oxides, the effects of Au NPs on gas responses are in the order of SnO2, NiO, and WO3, in which the energy level difference between the Au NPs and metal oxide are 0.2, 0.1, and −0.6 eV, respectively. These results confirm that the dominant enhancement mechanism of Au NPs for each combination of gases and metal oxide is a decrease in activation energy. Therefore, this study provides a systematic understanding of the sensitization mechanism of Au NPs on metal oxides toward gases for the fabrication of selective gas sensor arrays.

High-performance gas sensor array for indoor air quality monitoring: the role of Au nanoparticles on WO3, SnO2, and NiO-based gas sensors

Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces show great potential in oil–water separation, anti-icing and self-cleaning. However, due to the instability caused by its fragile structure and non-durable superhydrophobicity, it is difficult to apply them in the actual field. Here, by introducing surface wettability and analysing the mechanism of superhydrophobic failure, it is concluded that the reason for the failure of the superhydrophobic surface comes from the transition of the surface energy and the hysteresis of the contact angle (CA). On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded that the principle of designing a durable superhydrophobic surface is to satisfy one of the following three points: improving the binding force between molecules, introducing durable materials and improving chemical durability. On this basis, a variety of preparation methods are proposed, such as assembly method and spray/dip coating method, and the design and preparation of a self-healing surface inspired by nature will also be included in the introduction. Last but not least, the preparation and application of a durable super-hydrophobic surface in oil–water separation, anti-icing and self-cleaning are also introduced in detail. This review reveals the conclusions and prospects of durable superhydrophobic surfaces, and aims to inspire more researchers to invest in this research.

Review on the recent development of durable superhydrophobic materials for practical applications

Developing advanced superwetting oil/water separation materials with controlled wettability, excellent selectivity and sustainable separation is a persistent pursuit for researchers. Recently, smart materials have been highly anticipated to enable sustainable...

Current research situation and future prospect of superwetting smart oil/water separation materials

Flexible multidirectional strain sensors are crucial to accurately determining the complex strain states involved in emerging sensing applications. Although considerable efforts have been made to construct anisotropic structures for improved selective sensing capabilities, existing anisotropic sensors suffer from a trade-off between high sensitivity and high stretchability with acceptable linearity. Here, an ultrasensitive, highly selective multidirectional sensor is developed by rational design of functionally different anisotropic layers. The bilayer sensor consists of an aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) array assembled on top of a periodically wrinkled and cracked CNT–graphene oxide film. The transversely aligned CNT layer bridge the underlying longitudinal microcracks to effectively discourage their propagation even when highly stretched, leading to superior sensitivity with a gauge factor of 287.6 across a broad linear working range of up to 100% strain. The wrinkles generated through a pre-straining/releasing routine in the direction transverse to CNT alignment is responsible for exceptional selectivity of 6.3, to the benefit of accurate detection of loading directions by the multidirectional sensor. This work proposes a unique approach to leveraging the inherent merits of two cross-influential anisotropic structures to resolve the trade-off among sensitivity, selectivity, and stretchability, demonstrating promising applications in full-range, multi-axis human motion detection for wearable electronics and smart robotics.
Highlights:
1 Two functionally different anisotropic layers are rationally assembled for highly selective and stretchable multidirectional strain sensors.2 Concurrently excellent selectivity, sensitivity, stretchability, and linearity up to 100% strain is demonstrated for the first time in a multidirectional strain sensor.3 A novel stepwise crack propagation mechanism is proposed to enable high stretchability and linearity.

/pdf/anisotropic-wrinkled-and-crack-bridging-structure-for-4725fuh4by.pdf

Anisotropic, Wrinkled, and Crack-Bridging Structure for Ultrasensitive, Highly Selective Multidirectional Strain Sensors.

Templating strategies for 3D-structured thermally conductive composites: Recent advances and thermal energy applications

Stretchable sensors capable of detecting various mechanical stimuli are essential in wearable applications involving multiaxial motions Previous wearable sensors are designed for sensing only single-axis deformation or multidimensional strains in a two-dimensional plane Given the three-dimensional (3D) nature of multiaxial stimuli in practical applications, discriminating multidimensional strains in 3D space is critical and requires an integration of different anisotropic sensors for high sensitivity and selectivity In this study, a skin-inspired multidimensional sensor capable of sensing 3D stimuli is developed by rationally integrating three sub-sensors, which simultaneously and selectively measure strains in three orthogonal axes The 3D anisotropic sensing characteristics of the sub-sensors arising from their highly anisotropic structures enable the differentiation of 3D stimuli including in-plane tension, normal pressure and shear, and the distinction of in-plane strain directions with an unprecedented selectivity of 368 among existing stretchable sensors With a remarkable gauge factor of 168 for in-plane strains and high sensitivity of 062 kPa−1 for normal pressure, the sensor is used in a smart sport assistant that can evaluate sport performance and provide feedback in real-time The findings in this work provide a new anisotropic design of multidimensional sensors for emerging applications, such as smart electronics and humanoid robots

Human skin-inspired integrated multidimensional sensors based on highly anisotropic structures

The poor ultraviolet (UV) resistance and insufficient solvent compatibility are challenges for long-term storage and service of oil–water separation materials in practical applications. Herein, a s...

Robust Microcapsules with Durable Superhydrophobicity and Superoleophilicity for Efficient Oil-Water Separation.

In the current study, the mechanical characteristics of a new generation of thermoplastic fiber metal laminates (FMLs) manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) at room temperature are investigated. For this end, Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabric, carbon fabric, and two hybrid laminates with different layups are manufactured by a novel liquid methyl methacrylate (MMA) thermoplastic resin, Elium®. Prior to fabricating and testing, a multi-step surface treatment is followed to improve the bonding strength between the titanium alloy sheets and fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) laminates. ASTM standard tests are conducted in tension, compression, shear (both intralaminar and interlaminar) as well as flexural to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the newly developed hybrid titanium composite laminates (HTCLs). The results are compared with those of equivalent monolithic composites as well as traditional FMLs in the literature to determine the possibility of replacing epoxy resins with Elium® for fabricating different types of FMLs, namely HTCLs. In addition, the results are verified by a recently developed homogenization method, that is the mechanics of structure genome (MSG), which is used in parallel with the rule of mixture (ROM) to verify the experimental results of HTCLs and their constitutive FRPC laminates. The results show equivalent mechanical properties of the newly developed HTCLs compared to those of traditional thermoplastic HTCLs with the advantages of fabricating at room temperature, increasing the production rate, eliminating the residual thermal stresses, and the requirement for post-stretching HTCL panels.

Novel thermoplastic fiber metal laminates manufactured with an innovative acrylic resin at room temperature

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Human skin-inspired integrated multidimensional sensors based on highly anisotropic structures

Robust Microcapsules with Durable Superhydrophobicity and Superoleophilicity for Efficient Oil-Water Separation.

Novel thermoplastic fiber metal laminates manufactured with an innovative acrylic resin at room temperature