Natural antioxidants from fruits and vegetables, meats, eggs and fish protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. They are widely used to reduce food loss and waste, minimizing lipid oxidation, as well as for their effects on health through pharmaceutical preparations. In fact, the use of natural antioxidants is among the main efforts made to relieve the pressure on natural resources and to move towards more sustainable food and pharmaceutical systems. Alternative food waste management approaches include the valorization of by-products as a source of phenolic compounds for functional food formulations. In this review, we will deal with the chemistry of antioxidants, including their molecular structures and reaction mechanisms. The biochemical aspects will also be reviewed, including the effects of acidity and temperature on their partitioning in binary and multiphasic systems. The poor bioavailability of antioxidants remains a huge constraint for clinical applications, and we will briefly describe some delivery systems that provide for enhanced pharmacological action of antioxidants via drug targeting and increased bioavailability. The pharmacological activity of antioxidants can be improved by designing nanotechnology-based formulations, and recent nanoformulations include nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, liposomes/proliposomes, phytosomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, all showing promising outcomes in improving the efficiency and bioavailability of antioxidants. Finally, an overview of the pharmacological effects, therapeutic properties and future choice of antioxidants will be incorporated.

/pdf/biochemistry-of-antioxidants-mechanisms-and-pharmaceutical-ftea6ve5.pdf

Biochemistry of Antioxidants: Mechanisms and Pharmaceutical Applications

Over the past few decades, chitosan (CS) has gained the attention of researchers investigating newer biomaterial-based carriers for drugs in pharmaceutical and biomedical research. Combined with its nontoxic behavior, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, chitosan has found widespread applications in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cosmetics. As a novel drug carrier, chitosan is regarded as one of the promising biomaterials in the pharmaceutical industry. The extensive use of this cationic biopolysaccharide in the delivery of therapeutic agents has brought a few limitations of chitosan into the limelight. Various chemical modifications of chitosan can minimize these limitations and improve the efficacy of chitosan as a drug carrier. The effectiveness of several chemically modified chitosan derivatives, including trimethyl chitosan, thiolated chitosan, PEGylated chitosan, and other chitosan derivatives, has been investigated by many researchers for the controlled and target specific delivery of therapeutics. The chemically modified chitosan derivatives exhibited greater importance in the current scenario on drug delivery due to their solubility in wide range of media along with their interaction with pharmaceutically active ingredients. Chitosan derivatives have also attracted attention in several biomedical fields, including wound healing, hyperthermia therapy, tissue engineering, and bioadhesives. The present review narrates the sources and common physicochemical properties of chitosan, including several important synthetic modifications to obtain chemically modified chitosans and their applications in target-specific drug delivery, along with several biomedical applications.

Chitosan Derivatives as Carriers for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications.

For many years, chitosan has been widely regarded as a promising eco-friendly polymer thanks to its renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and ease of modification, giving it enormous potential for future development. As a cationic polysaccharide, chitosan exhibits specific physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties that depend on factors such as its molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Recently, there has been renewed interest surrounding chitosan derivatives and chitosan-based nanocomposites. This heightened attention is driven by the pursuit of enhancing efficiency and expanding the spectrum of chitosan applications. Chitosan’s adaptability and unique properties make it a game-changer, promising significant contributions to industries ranging from healthcare to environmental remediation. This review presents an up-to-date overview of chitosan production sources and extraction methods, focusing on chitosan’s physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and solubility, as well as its antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. In addition, we highlight the advantages of chitosan derivatives and biopolymer modification methods, with recent advances in the preparation of chitosan-based nanocomposites. Finally, the versatile applications of chitosan, whether in its native state, derived or incorporated into nanocomposites in various fields, such as the food industry, agriculture, the cosmetics industry, the pharmaceutical industry, medicine, and wastewater treatment, were discussed.

Chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan-based nanocomposites: eco-friendly materials for advanced applications (a review)

Biological barriers are essential physiological protective systems and obstacles to drug delivery. Nanoparticles (NPs) can access the paracellular route of biological barriers, either causing adverse health impacts on humans or producing therapeutic opportunities. This Review introduces the structural and functional influences of NPs on the key components that govern the paracellular route, mainly tight junctions, adherens junctions, and cytoskeletons. Furthermore, we evaluate their interaction mechanisms and address the influencing factors that determine the ability of NPs to open the paracellular route, which provides a better knowledge of how NPs can open the paracellular route in a safer and more controllable way. Finally, we summarize limitations in the research models and methodologies of the existing research in the field and provide future research direction. This Review demonstrates the in-depth causes for the reversible opening or destruction of the integrity of barriers generated by NPs; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of NP-based medications to boost paracellular drug delivery efficiency.

How Nanoparticles Open the Paracellular Route of Biological Barriers: Mechanisms, Applications, and Prospects.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a mounting public health problem with significant medical, economic and social burdens. Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn, bitter buckwheat) is a kind of healthy and nutritious food, which has been demonstrated to protect against ALD, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully studied. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the beneficial effects of Tartary buckwheat extract (mainly composed of polyphenols including rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) in terms of lipid metabolism with the aid of lipidomic analysis. In our study, we employed C57BL/6J mice and a Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet to construct an ALD model and found that Tartary buckwheat extract was able to prevent ALD-induced histopathological lesions, liver injury and abnormal plasma lipid levels. These beneficial effects might be attributed to the regulation of energy metabolism-related genes (SIRT1, LKB1 and AMPK), lipid synthesis-related genes (ACC, SREBP1c and HMGR) and lipid oxidation-related genes (PPARα, CPT1 and CPT2). In addition, lipidomic profiling and KEGG pathway analysis showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism contributed the most to elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Tartary buckwheat extract. In specific, chronic ethanol intake reduced the level of phosphatidylcholines (PC) and increased the level of phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) in the liver, resulting in a decrease in the PC/PE ratio, which could be all significantly restored by Tartary buckwheat extract intervention, indicating that the Tartary buckwheat extract might regulate PC/PE homeostasis to exert its lipid-lowering effect. Overall, we demonstrated that Tartary buckwheat extract could prevent ALD by modulating hepatic glycerophospholipid metabolism, providing the theoretical basis for its further exploitation as a medical plant or nutritional food.

The important role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the protective effects of polyphenol-enriched Tartary buckwheat extract against alcoholic liver disease.

N-trimethyl chitosan coated targeting nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability and antioxidant activity of vitexin.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101393

Prediction of response and adverse drug reaction of pemetrexed plus platinum-based chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma by serum metabolomic profiling

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N-trimethyl chitosan coated targeting nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability and antioxidant activity of vitexin.

Prediction of response and adverse drug reaction of pemetrexed plus platinum-based chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma by serum metabolomic profiling