Nowadays, hybrid soft computing technics are attracting the scholars of construction materials field due to their high adaptability and prediction performances to data information. Hence, the current research aims to predict the compressive strength of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) composites using the deep learning and machine learning based hybrid models, which is rarely seen in the literature. Data was collected from published papers, where 70% data used for training the models and 30% for testing stage. Four different hybrid models like CNN-LSTM, CNN-GRU, DTR-RFR and GBR-RFR were formulated to achieve the goals by comparing their forecasting performances with statistical parameters. Additionally, governing input variable parameters and prediction process explanation were also interpreted by SHAP algorithm under hybrid models. As is observed, all selected hybrid models presented the good corroboration to output CS data with higher accuracy results. Besides, CNN-LSTM and GBR-RFR models exhibited the superior fitness (R2 ≈ 0.99) to strength properties in relation to other three models at both phases. Average error ranges were observed very condense to ± 5%. Moreover, testing age was observed as the most influential variable to model outputs. Furthermore, it was exposed that CNN-LSTM model can well interpret the interactions of inputs to outputs and inner-working process of prediction, whereas GBR-RFR describes the dependence plot at decent level to elucidate the connections among the inputs for model outputs. However, the proposed hybrid approaches of the research might be a potential solution to optimize the mix design of MPC mixtures containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and well predict the strength characteristics of MPC matrices for real field applications by engineering practitioners. 

Hybrid intelligence models for compressive strength prediction of MPC composites and parametric analysis with SHAP algorithm

One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

In this study, lithium slag was utilised as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to develop pozzolanic activity and reduce CO2 emissions related to cement production, with a focus on comprehensive chemical tests and microstructural assessments. Lithium slag was primarily characterised through laser particle size analyser, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. These tests indicate that lithium slag holds 31.6% amorphous phase with rich aluminosilicate minerals, making it an excellent candidate as pozzolan. The unsaturated lime and electrical conductivity pozzolanic activity precursor tests evaluated the potentiality of using lithium slag as a low carbon pozzolan. The optimum percentage of lithium slag as a supplementary cementitious material was determined from Frattini, strength activity index, and R3 tests by replacing 0–60% cement. Results show that 40% lithium slag mortar could achieve 93% strength activity index in 28 days. The microstructure development of lithium slag was assessed and ettringite, monocarboaluminate, and intermixed calcium aluminosilicate hydrates were formed at 56 days. 

Assessment of lithium slag as a supplementary cementitious material: Pozzolanic activity and microstructure development

Breast cancer, the most frequent female malignancy, is often curable when detected at an early stage. The treatment of metastatic breast cancer is more challenging and may be unresponsive to conventional therapy. Immunotherapy is crucial for treating metastatic breast cancer, but its resistance is a major limitation. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is vital in modulating the immunotherapy response. Various tumor microenvironmental components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are involved in TME modulation to cause immunotherapy resistance. This review highlights the role of stromal cells in modulating the breast tumor microenvironment, including the involvement of CAF-TAM interaction, alteration of tumor metabolism leading to immunotherapy failure, and other latest strategies, including high throughput genomic screening, single-cell and spatial omics techniques for identifying tumor immune genes regulating immunotherapy response. This review emphasizes the therapeutic approach to overcome breast cancer immune resistance through CAF reprogramming, modulation of TAM polarization, tumor metabolism, and genomic alterations. 

Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer

In the last decade, organoid research has entered a golden era, signifying a pivotal shift in the biomedical landscape. The year 2023 marked a milestone with the publication of thousands of papers in this arena, reflecting exponential growth. However, amid this burgeoning expansion, a comprehensive and accurate overview of the field has been conspicuously absent. Our review is intended to bridge this gap, providing a panoramic view of the rapidly evolving organoid landscape. We meticulously analyze the organoid field from eight distinctive vantage points, harnessing our rich experience in academic research, industrial application, and clinical practice. We present a deep exploration of the advances in organoid technology, underpinned by our long-standing involvement in this arena. Our narrative traverses the historical genesis of organoids and their transformative impact across various biomedical sectors, including oncology, toxicology, and drug development. We delve into the synergy between organoids and avant-garde technologies such as synthetic biology and single-cell omics and discuss their pivotal role in tailoring personalized medicine, enhancing high-throughput drug screening, and constructing physiologically pertinent disease models. Our comprehensive analysis and reflective discourse provide a deep dive into the existing landscape and emerging trends in organoid technology. We spotlight technological innovations, methodological evolution, and the broadening spectrum of applications, emphasizing the revolutionary influence of organoids in personalized medicine, oncology, drug discovery, and other fields. Looking ahead, we cautiously anticipate future developments in the field of organoid research, especially its potential implications for personalized patient care, new avenues of drug discovery, and clinical research. We trust that our comprehensive review will be an asset for researchers, clinicians, and patients with keen interest in personalized medical strategies. We offer a broad view of the present and prospective capabilities of organoid technology, encompassing a wide range of current and future applications. In summary, in this review we attempt a comprehensive exploration of the organoid field. We offer reflections, summaries, and projections that might be useful for current researchers and clinicians, and we hope to contribute to shaping the evolving trajectory of this dynamic and rapidly advancing field. 

Landscape of human organoids: Ideal model in clinics and research

The emergence of immunotherapy has profoundly changed the treatment model for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). But the heterogeneity of this disease resulted in significant differences in immunotherapy efficacy, and only some patients are able to benefit from this therapeutic modality. With the recent explosion in studies on the mechanism of cancer immunotherapy drug resistance, this article will focus on the processes of the immune response; summarize the immune evasion mechanisms in TNBC into three categories: loss of tumor-specific antigen, antigen presentation deficiency, and failure to initiate an immune response; together with the aberrant activation of a series of immune-critical signaling pathways, we will discuss how these activities jointly shape the immunosuppressive landscape within the tumor microenvironment. This review will attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in TNBC, identify potential targets that may assist in reversing drug resistance, and lay a foundation for research on identifying biomarkers for predicting immune efficacy and selection of breast cancer populations that may benefit from immunotherapy.

/pdf/molecular-mechanisms-of-immunotherapy-resistance-in-triple-2s4nfqli.pdf

Molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer

Water-resisting performances and mechanisms of magnesium phosphate cement mortars comprising with fly-ash and silica fume

Current natural killer (NK) cell-based cancer immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors often exhibits insufficient cancer recognition specificity, thereby limiting therapeutic anticancer efficacy, especially for triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). In this study, we develop artificial lipid-folate conjugates, for stable anchoring onto NK cell surfaces via hydrophobic interactions, thus augmenting folate-mediated ligand-receptor immune interactions with target cancers. This hydrophobized conjugate anchor provides additional cancer recognition ligands without any sophisticated genetic modification, and successfully enhances the anticancer efficacies of surface-coated NK (SCNK) cells without disturbing their intrinsic properties. Augmented cancer recognition ability sequentially promotes the secretion of cytolytic granules (granzyme and perforin) with cytokine (TNF-α), demonstrating improved cytotoxicity of the SCNK cells. Furthermore, the SCNK cells significantly infiltrate into the tumor site, inducing tumor apoptosis/necrosis, and suppressing tumor progression and metastasis in TNBC mouse models. Taken together, our artificial lipid-folate conjugates enable the treatment of solid tumors by augmenting the cancer-recognition and tumor targeting capacity of surface-engineered NK cells. 

Lipid anchor-mediated NK cell surface engineering for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

A new method of preliminary determination of pozzolanic activity, total dissolved solids (TDS) method, was proposed and experimental investigation was carried out on fly ash (FA). The electrical conductivity, TDS, pH and hydration temperature parameters of FA and calcium hydroxide (CH) suspension were investigated. First-order derivation of TDS was performed, dividing steady-state and unsteady-state dissolution regions. Results suggested that the first-order derivation of TDS can measure the dissolution rate, and was a potential method for evaluating solubility. The first derivative of TDS indicated that the system gradually changes from the unsteady state to the steady state stage. The concept of TDS loss rate was proposed mainly to avoid the effect of CH in the CH-FA–CSH–CAH system, and to highlight the effect of the gelation products generated by the pozzolanic reaction on TDS. The higher the loss rate of TDS, the stronger its pozzolanic activity. • A new method for evaluating volcanic ash activity of volcanic ash materials: TDS method. • The volcanic ash reaction was divided into unsteady and steady stage based on the first-order derivation of the TDS method. • The TDS growth rate was used to assess the degree of volcanic ash reaction in the overall reaction system. • The concept of TDS loss rate was proposed to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of pozzolanic materials. 

A new method to rapidly evaluate the activity of volcanic ash materials

A new-type binder-free Sn/C composite membrane with densely stacked Sn-in-carbon nanosheets was prepared by vacuum-induced self-assembly of graphene-like Sn alkoxide and following in situ thermal conversion. The successful implementation of this rational strategy is based on the controllable synthesis of graphene-like Sn alkoxide by using Na-citrate with the critical inhibitory effect on polycondensation of Sn alkoxide along the a and b directions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that graphene-like Sn alkoxide can be formed under the joint action of oriented densification along the c axis and continuous growth along the a and b directions. The Sn/C composite membrane constructed by graphene-like Sn-in-carbon nanosheets can effectively buffer volume fluctuation of inlaid Sn during cycling and much enhance the kinetics of Li+ diffusion and charge transfer with the developed ion/electron transmission paths. After temperature-controlled structure optimization, Sn/C composite membrane displays extraordinary Li storage behaviors, including reversible half-cell capacities up to 972.5 mAh g-1 at a density of 1 A g-1 for 200 cycles, 885.5/729.3 mAh g-1 over 1000 cycles at large current densities of 2/4 A g-1, and terrific practicability with reliable full-cell capacities of 789.9/582.9 mAh g-1 up to 200 cycles under 1/4 A g-1. It is worthy of noting that this strategy may open up new opportunities to fabricate advanced membrane materials and construct hyperstable self-supporting anodes in lithium ion batteries.

Precise Construction of Sn/C Composite Membrane with Graphene-Like Sn-in-Carbon Structural Units toward Hyperstable Anode for Lithium Storage.

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