Interfacial adhesion at the molecular level is a complex process, where the key players (asphalt, aggregates, water, and air) are in a dynamic state of structural equilibrium, varying rapidly under different environments and conditions. Most experimental tests, while capable of providing crucial information for practical application, are ill-suited to characterize molecular-level behavior of these materials. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation provides a unique perspective into the dynamic world of asphalt-aggregate interfaces. It allows to directly monitor physiochemical processes that depend on the structural distribution, molecular composition, external load, and atomic mobility. Over the past decade, MD simulation has provided important insights into the dynamical processes that control interactions at asphalt-aggregate interfaces, including adhesion, cohesion, diffusion, aggregation, binding, distribution, and aging, among others. This review covers both theoretical models and practical methods which provide a reliable and computationally efficient tool to incorporate certain microscopic details and correlations. This review also provides a comprehensive account of applications of MD to asphalt-aggregate interfaces and the advances it has enables in adhesion property of asphalt, with an emphasis on insights into model construction and performance of interfaces evaluation methods. 

Molecular dynamics simulation of adhesion at the asphalt-aggregate interface: a review

Toughness modification of waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalt by waterborne polyurethane elastomer

Emulsified asphalt cold recycled technology has received great attention for its low carbon and environmental protection. There have been many researches on the performance improvement of emulsified asphalt cold recycling mixture (CRME) and its achievements, but there lacks systematic sorting. Based on this, this study summarizes the related research from the performance formation mechanism and influencing factors. Firstly, the demulsification mechanism of emulsified asphalt and the performance formation mechanism of CRME are summarized. Secondly, the influence of asphalt material (type and content), aggregate type (new aggregate, RAP), gradation, additives (regenerant, cement, fiber, etc.), water consumption and fabrication methods on CRME performance is analyzed. Finally, the future development of CRME is prospected. In the future, the fusion characteristics of old and new asphalt on RAP surface can be studied from multi-scale perspective. Besides, we can combine genome to construct CRME material library and improve the preparation technology standard of CRME pavement. 

Performance evolution mechanism and affecting factors of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture performance: A state-of art review

Rheological properties and viscosity reduction mechanism of aromatic/naphthenic oil pre-swelling crumb rubber modified asphalt

High rubber content modified asphalt needed high production temperatures due to the high viscosity, but the viscosity and production temperature could be decreased by adding bio-oil. Producing rubber and bio-oil modified asphalt (BRMA) with good performance under low temperatures and short mixing time had significant environmental contributions. Therefore, this study prepared BRMA with crumb rubber content of 20 % and bio-oil content of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % under the low-temperature (160 °C) and short-time (30 min) shear conditions. The rheological characteristics of BRMA were evaluated by conventional and rheological property tests. The interaction mechanism among rubber, bio-oil, and asphalt was assessed with the Fourier Transform Infrared test (FTIR) and Fluorescence Microscope test (FM). The addition of bio-oil had a significant impact on reducing the increase in asphalt viscosity that was typically caused by rubber modification. The high-temperature performance, elastic performance, and low-temperature performance of BRMA were significantly improved. The PG grade of neat asphalt was PG 64–22, 20 %R + 5 %Bio was PG 70–34, 20 %R + 10 %Bio was PG 70–34, and 20 %R + 15 %Bio was PG 64–40. Under the condition of low mixing temperature and short reaction time, the FTIR test found that no new absorption peak appeared, and the bio-oil, rubber, and asphalt were mainly physical mixing. Through the FM test, it was found that rubber reacted with asphalt at different degrees, and some crumb rubber that did not fully react ensured that asphalt still had good elastic properties and deformation resistance at high temperatures. The research provided theoretical guidance for similar application scenarios, such as dry process rubber modified asphalt. 

Evaluation of asphalt modified with bio-oil and high rubber content: Low temperature and short mixing time production condition

Effect of ionic emulsifiers on the properties of emulsified asphalts: An experimental and simulation study

Conventional properties, rheological properties, and storage stability of crumb rubber modified asphalt with WCO and ABS

To reduce energy consumption and save economic costs, waste-derived secondary resources can be considered as cement substitutes for emulsified asphalt. Considering emulsion type and red mud–based alkali-activated materials dosage and curing time, this study determined the feasibility of using red mud–based geopolymer to replace the commonly used cement in emulsified asphalt. Experimental tests, including pH tests, optical microscopy tests, dynamic shear rheological (DSR) tests, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests were performed to characterize the rheological properties, interaction, and microstructure characteristic of red mud–based geopolymer emulsified asphalt composite binder (REACB). Cement emulsified asphalt composite binder (CEACB) was selected for comparison. The pH test and optical microscope tests demonstrated that the influence of red mud–based geopolymer on demulsification speed of stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STAC) emulsion was greater than that of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) emulsion. The dynamic shear rheological test results showed that with the increase of curing time and red mud–based alkali-activated materials dosage, both the deformation resistance and the elastic recovery ability of REACB were improved, and the interaction ability between red mud–based geopolymer and SDBS emulsified asphalt gradually became stronger than that of STAC emulsified asphalt. Moreover, geopolymerization reactions in two kinds of REACB were proved using stretching vibration peaks of the asymmetric functional group T-O-Si. This study will promote the utilization of red mud–based aluminosilicate waste in emulsified asphalt. 

Experimental Investigation of the Rheological Properties, Interaction, and Microstructure Characteristics of Emulsified Asphalt with Red Mud–Based Geopolymer

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Effect of ionic emulsifiers on the properties of emulsified asphalts: An experimental and simulation study

Conventional properties, rheological properties, and storage stability of crumb rubber modified asphalt with WCO and ABS

Experimental Investigation of the Rheological Properties, Interaction, and Microstructure Characteristics of Emulsified Asphalt with Red Mud–Based Geopolymer