Introduction A Why POC Diagnostics? B Time B Patient Responsibility and Compliance B Cost B Diagnostic Targets C Proteins C Metabolites and Other Small Molecules C Nucleic Acids C Human Cells D Microbes/Pathogens D Drugs and Food Safety D Current Context of POC Assays E POC Glucose Assays E Lateral Flow Assays E Limitations of “Traditional” POC Approaches F Enabling Technologies G Printing and Laminating G Microfluidic Technologies and Approaches: “Unit Operations” for POC Devices G Pumping and Valving H Mixing I Separation I Reagent Storage J Sample Preparation K Surface Chemistry and Device Substrates L Physical Adsorption L Bioaffinity Attachment L Covalent Attachment M Substrate Materials M Detection M Electrochemical Detection N Optical Detection N Magnetic Detection N Label-Free Methods O Enabling Multiplexed Assays O Recent Innovation O Lateral Flow Assay Technologies O Proteins P Antibodies P Protein Expression and Purification Q Nucleic Acids Q Aptamers R Infectious Diseases and Food/Water Safety R Blood Chemistry S Coagulation Markers S Whole Cells S Trends, Unmet Needs, Perspectives T Glucose T Global Health and the Developing World T Personalized Medicine and Home Testing U Technology Trends U Multiplexing V Author Information V Biographies V Acknowledgment W References W

/pdf/point-of-care-diagnostics-status-and-future-5c7xkio6mh.pdf

Point of care diagnostics: Status and future

1.1. Significance of IVDs in the Clinic
IVD test is a crucial component of clinical care that performs a diagnostic test on biological samples that have been taken from a living body, such as blood, urine, and tissue.1 Such tests are usually performed to determine or confirm the presence of disease in an individual. “In vitro” literally means “within the glass”, which indicates that the test was historically conducted in glass test tubes. In contrast, in vivo tests, literally “within the living”, are conducted within a whole, living organism including human body.2 IVD tests have received much public attention because of their distinct features in the medical profession. First, IVD tests do not interact with the human body directly, making such diagnosis accessible without invasive surgeries and thus saving a great deal of suffering. Second, the procedures of IVDs are performed on samples rather than human body, avoiding the possible biological safety problems on patients that often take place in the in vivo diagnostics. Third, an IVD test can quickly provide valuable information on a patient’s healthcare conditions. On the basis of the information, physicians or patients are able to make a timely decision for patient care or treatment. Fourth, the application of IVDs enables early diagnosis and makes treatment of serious diseases easier. Generally, the cost of early testing is much lower than that of the later on extensive treatment. Last, IVDs play a particularly vital role in remote settings for managing outbreaks of acute infectious diseases, where effective but simple diagnostic systems are highly desirable. These features make IVDs unique and of great importance among medical technologies.

Gold Nanoparticles for In Vitro Diagnostics

The evolution of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis has resulted in substantial progress in its analytical performance and biodetection applications. The aim of this review is to provide a panoramic snapshot of the state of the art in this dynamically developing field, with special emphasis on PEC DNA analysis, immunoassay, enzymatic biosensing and cell-related detection. The future prospects in this area are also evaluated and discussed. This work will serve as a useful source to inform the interested audience of the latest developments and applications in the field of PEC bioanalysis.

Photoelectrochemical bioanalysis: the state of the art

Photoelectrochemical DNA biosensors.

Graphene is composed of single-atom thick sheets of sp2 bonded carbon atoms that are arranged in a perfect two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice. Because of this structure, graphene is characterized by a number of unique and exceptional structural, optical, and electronic properties.1 Specifically, these extraordinary properties include, but are not limited to, a high planar surface area that is calculated to be 2630 m2 g−1,2 superior mechanical strength with a Young’s modulus of 1100 GPa,3 unparalleled thermal conductivity (5000 W m−1 K−1),4 remarkable electronic properties (e.g., high carrier mobility [10 000 cm2 V−1 s−1] and capacity),5 and alluring optical characteristics (e.g., high opacity [~97.7%] and the ability to quench fluorescence).6 As such, it should come as no surprise that graphene is currently, without any doubt, the most intensively studied material for a wide range of applications that include electronic, energy, and sensing outlets.1c Moreover, because of these unique chemical and physical properties, graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest, and, arguably, hold the greatest promise for implementation into a wide array of bioapplications.7

In the last several years, numerous studies have utilized graphene in bioapplications ranging from the delivery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer8 to biosensing applications for a host of medical conditions9 and even for the differentiation and imaging of stem cells.10 While promising and exciting, recent reports have demonstrated that the combination of graphene with nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, thereby forming graphene–nanoparticle hybrid structures, offers a number of additional unique physicochemical properties and functions that are both highly desirable and markedly advantageous for bioapplications when compared to the use of either material alone (Figure 1).11 These graphene–nanoparticle hybrid structures are especially alluring because not only do they display the individual properties of the nanoparticles, which can already possess beneficial optical, electronic, magnetic, and structural properties that are unavailable in bulk materials, and of graphene, but they also exhibit additional advantageous and often synergistic properties that greatly augment their potential for bioapplications.




Open in a separate window


Figure 1


Graphene nanoparticle hybrids exist in two forms, as graphene–nanoparticle composites and graphene-encapsulated nanoparticles, and can be used for various bioapplications including biosensors, photothermal therapies, stem cell/tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and bioimaging. Panel (A) reprinted with permission from ref 110. Copyright 2012 Wiley. Panel (B) reprinted with permission from ref 211. Copyright 2013 Elsevier. Panel (C) reprinted with permission from ref 244. Copyright 2013 Wiley.

/pdf/design-synthesis-and-characterization-of-graphene-4pt9r1bczt.pdf

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Graphene–Nanoparticle Hybrid Materials for Bioapplications

A new photoelectrochemical aptasensor for the detection of thrombin based on functionalized graphene and CdSe nanoparticles multilayers.

Aptamer based photoelectrochemical cytosensor with layer-by-layer assembly of CdSe semiconductor nanoparticles as photoelectrochemically active species.

Photoelectrochemical biosensor for detection of adenosine triphosphate in the extracts of cancer cells

DNA-based amplified electrical bio-barcode assay for one-pot detection of two target DNAs.

By utilizing the characteristic that grapheme can strengthen the photoinduced electrochemical activity of nano particles, the grapheme is firstly functionlized; an electrified polymer is anchored to the surface of grapheme by virtue of the interaction of aromatic organic small molecules with a large pi conjugated structure and the pi-pi of the grapheme, so that the grapheme is electrified. And the functional grapheme and the nano particle layer with opposite charges are assembled layer by layer, so as to obtain a sensitive photoelectric response interface reserved with active functional groups at the surface. The sensing interface can be used for detecting bioactive substances, and a highly sensitive photoinduced electrochemical sensor is obtained.

Photoinduced electrochemical sensor manufactured by assembling functional grapheme and nano particle layer by layer

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Shuguo Li

Author Tools

Chat about Author