At the end of the class, students will be able to answer the following questions: • What is organic agriculture? • Where do I go to get certification in organic agriculture? • How can I get more information about organic agriculture? What is organic? • The term " organic " is not synonymous to the terms " natural " or " eco-friendly. " • The label " natural " on foodstuff does not guarantee complete adherence to organic practices as defined by a law. • Produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity • Maintain biological diversity within the farming system • Maintain long-term soil fertility • Rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems • Minimize pollution and protect the environment What is allowed in organic crop production? • New varieties of crops and agricultural technologies • Crop rotations, cover crops and natural-based products that maintain soil fertility • Biological, cultural and physical methods to limit pest expansion and increase population of beneficial insects

英国有机农业（Organic farming）的新举措

Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food. Steve Striffler. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005. 195 pp.

Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food

The use of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic systems and biomass plantations require land to intercept incoming solar radiation. This implies that the total amount of energy that can be obtained from these sources is limited. Next to this land is also in use for other purposes, of which food production is the most important. The area required for both food and energy supply depends on one hand on the consumption and on the other on the production per m2. Large differences in both production and consumption are observed globally. In this analysis distinction is made in land use requirements in so-called 'poor' and 'rich' circumstances. It is shown that in poor circumstances there is not enough land to fulfill the needs for food and energy when biomass is used as and energy source. In the rich situation prospects seems to be better, but in that case a large-scale transformation is required of woodlands and forests into intensive energy crop plantations. When PV-systems are used, the land area required for energy is reduced to a large extent. Their large-scale implementation is not possible on the short term due to technical problems. It is concluded that in the near future energy from biomass is the most likely renewable energy source, however, this source cannot fulfill all the energy requirements. For the more distant future energy from PV-systems seems to have the largest potentials, however, implementation requires large changes in present energy infrastructure.

Revewable Energy and foodsupply: will there be enough land?

In order to receive the benefits of telecommuting while preventing a loss in social aspects, the proposed project is a new type of work environment that will be a combination of home and office A place that provides the necessary technologies that are needed to be a telecommuter A place that is away from the office and home but still holds the social aspects of an office and comfort of home An alternate office, a telecommuting hub that contains flexible office space for long term use, temporary use, or day to day use for different businesses and organizations, assisted by the social interaction with nature in an urban environment

Working with Nature

Abstract Background Various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds exhibited promising anticancer activities by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modulating several signaling pathways in cancer cells. This study aims to assess whether two medicinal plant extracts have anticancer properties, Suaeda Palaestina and Zygophyllum album. Methods This study used Ehrlich solid tumor mice as its in vivo model. We divided male mice into five groups ( n = 5 per group). Group I was used as a control for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Groups 2 and 3 were given Z. album extract 180 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Groups 4 and 5 were given the same dose of S. palaestina and treated three times a week for 2 weeks, starting on day 10 after EAC implantation. After 3 weeks, we collected blood samples and thigh skeletal muscle, homogenized them, and processed them for analysis. The results showed that Ehrlich solid rats (EST) treated with low-dose dichloromethane extracts from Z. album and S. palaestina had significantly smaller tumor sizes than the control group. Protein expression levels of p53, caspase 3, and Bcl-2 were quantified by western blotting. Results The extracts from both plants induced the hunger mechanism, leading to increased expression of p53 and caspase 3 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 at the protein level in EST mice treated with Z. album and S. palaestina . In addition, the comet assay indicated that these plants have a genotoxic potential for solid tumor cells. The T3 and T4 levels in EST blood samples revealed that both plants had significantly reduced the concentration of T3 and significantly increased T4 compared to the EST mice untreated group. Furthermore, these results showed that Z. album and S. palaestina had antiproliferative effects in EST mice through apoptosis-mediated genotoxicity. Conclusions These findings indicated that S. palaestina and Z. album could be considered potential natural sources of anticancer agents. 

Apoptosis and genotoxicity effects of Zygophyllum album and Suaeda palaestina extracts on Ehrlich solid carcinoma in mice

Abstract
 Understanding the various mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance is important for crop improvement, especially when approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of crop land in the world is under salt stress. Stomatal closure due to salt stress reduces the CO2:O2 ratio inside the leaf tissues and inhibits CO2 fixation. This inhibition leads to over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and causes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH.). These ROS are responsible for various stress-induced damages to macromolecules and ultimately to cellular structure. Hence, to avoid excessive ROS accumulation during stress and maintain the correct levels of ROS for signalling, plants possess a complex antioxidant defence system including non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols and carotenoids; and enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Although ROS production and defence mechanisms are common in glycophytes and halophytes, detoxification strategies may vary in response to salinity with regard to total antioxidant activity and type of iso-enzymes expressed. In this chapter we describe salinity, the classification of saline soils, genetic variability within halophytes, sources and overproduction of ROS under high-salinity conditions, the antioxidant defence system, enzymatic antioxidant system and nonenzymatic antioxidant system.

Antioxidant defence in halophytes under high salinity.

With the rising population, the demand for food, fuel, fiber, and timber is increasing and to meet out these ever-increasing demands farming systems all around the globe has become more intensive to be in pace with these demands. Soils around the world are being subjected to more chemical inputs in form of chemical fertilizers and amendments which are reducing their productivity and plants are being treated for diseases and insect-pests through a variety of chemicals which are entering into the food chain and contaminating water resources. Forests are being leveled to bring more area into agriculture, grazing area is shrinking and habitats of various species are destroying which is causing loss of biodiversity. Moreover, climate change is causing threatening impacts on current agriculture practices which include decreasing yields, the occurrence of new diseases and natural disasters. Considering the present scenario, it has now become utmost necessary to shift from industrialized agriculture to organic farming where sustainability must be the prime objective; where soils are allowed to rejuvenate to their natural potential. However, millions of people around the world still suffering hunger especially when industrialized agriculture is considered as most productive; at this situation, a major shift from conventional to organic farming has raised the question “can organic farming alone achieve sustainability”? Considering the above facts present review inculcated various published research of national and international repute that claims the capability of organic farming to achieve sustainability and the loopholes where it lacks adaptability over conventional farming.

Can chemical-free farming alone achieve sustainability? - A review

India is a developing country as well as among largest economies in the world. Hence, India is progressing at a faster rate. Advancing new age technologies are acting synergistically to the developmental processes. At the same time India is a country of villages and its development is synonymous with the development of the people living in rural areas. With 73 percent of rural households, all round development of the nation without compromising rural Indiais a major challenge in front of policy makers and scientists. That is why rural development possesses prime importance while making development policies. Space application technologies play a vital role in the formulation of suitable policies, precise planning and timely execution.These techniques helps in providing tele-education, tele-healthcare, water management, natural resource management, e-governance, weather forecasting and various other services beneficial for rural development. Application of these sophisticated technologies avoids mismanagement, over expense and delay; hence, space application techniques always come handy by the planners. The present paper has been made to study the importance of space application technologies which uses different electromagnetic radiations, through various literatures of national and international repute and to provide comprehensive information toits readers about importance of these technologies. Since, it was rightly said by Mahatma Gandhi that “Real India lives in Villages”, which simply means that development of whole nation could not be possible without developing rural India.

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue5/PartQ/5-5-60-290.pdf

Rural development using electromagnetic radiations: A review

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Antioxidant defence in halophytes under high salinity.

Can chemical-free farming alone achieve sustainability? - A review

Rural development using electromagnetic radiations: A review