With ever-increasing concerns on our environment, there is a fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) from automakers, governments, and customers. As electric drives are the core of both EVs and HEVs, it is a pressing need for researchers to develop advanced electric-drive systems. In this paper, an overview of permanent-magnet (PM) brushless (BL) drives for EVs and HEVs is presented, with emphasis on machine topologies, drive operations, and control strategies. Then, three major research directions of the PM BL drive systems are elaborated, namely, the magnetic-geared outer-rotor PM BL drive system, the PM BL integrated starter-generator system, and the PM BL electric variable-transmission system.

/pdf/overview-of-permanent-magnet-brushless-drives-for-electric-43zcuasizd.pdf

Overview of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Prosumers are agents that both consume and produce energy. With the growth in small and medium-sized agents using solar photovoltaic panels, smart meters, vehicle-to-grid electric automobiles, home batteries and other ‘smart’ devices, prosuming offers the potential for consumers and vehicle owners to re-evaluate their energy practices. As the number of prosumers increases, the electric utility sector of today is likely to undergo significant changes over the coming decades, offering possibilities for greening of the system, but also bringing many unknowns and risks that need to be identified and managed. To develop strategies for the future, policymakers and planners need knowledge of how prosumers could be integrated effectively and efficiently into competitive electricity markets. Here we identify and discuss three promising potential prosumer markets related to prosumer grid integration, peer-to-peer models and prosumer community groups. We also caution against optimism by laying out a series of caveats and complexities.

/pdf/electricity-market-design-for-the-prosumer-era-32fg272x6c.pdf

Electricity market design for the prosumer era

This article gives an overview of the artificial intelligence (AI) applications for power electronic systems. The three distinctive life-cycle phases, design, control, and maintenance are correlated with one or more tasks to be addressed by AI, including optimization, classification, regression, and data structure exploration. The applications of four categories of AI are discussed, which are expert system, fuzzy logic, metaheuristic method, and machine learning. More than 500 publications have been reviewed to identify the common understandings, practical implementation challenges, and research opportunities in the application of AI for power electronics. This article is accompanied by an Excel file listing the relevant publications for statistical analytics.

/pdf/an-overview-of-artificial-intelligence-applications-for-6kbutwbxvl.pdf

An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Power Electronics

The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are emerging as an efficient and sustainable alternative for private and public road transportation. From the point of view of electric grids, PEVs are currently considered as simple loads due to their low market penetration. However, as the PEV fleet grows, implementation of an intelligent management system will be necessary in order to avoid large capital expenditures in network reinforcements and negative effects on electric distribution networks, such as: voltage deviations, transformers and lines saturations, increase of electrical losses, etc. These issues may jeopardize the safety and reliability of the grid. As a consequence, this topic has been researched in many papers where a wide range of solutions have been proposed. This paper presents a review of different strategies, algorithms and methods to implement a smart charging control system. Also significant projects around the world about PEVs integration are presented. Finally, on the basis of this review, main findings and some recommendations are presented.

Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging approaches

A Novel Field and Armature Synchronous Pulse Injection Method for Sensorless Drive Control of 12/10 DC Vernier Reluctance Machine

This paper proposes three novel dual-stator flux-modulated permanent magnet (DSFMPM) machine concepts, which are particularly suitable for direct-drive applications with the virtue of their high torque density and low operation speed. The dual-stator configuration can help improve the use of inner cavity space, and achieve higher torque density comparing with the single-stator counterparts. Moreover, flux modulation is artfully employed to produce the gear effect, which can further benefit for the torque improvement. According to the PM location, the proposed DSFMPM machines are referred as (i) Stator-PM machine, (ii) Stator-rotor-PM machine, and (iii) Rotor-PM machine. Finite element method coupled with genetic algorithm, namely FEM-GA coupled method, is used to optimal design the proposed DSFMPM machines. Their electromagnetic performances are investigated in detail and quantitatively compared. The results show that the dual-stator topology can well improve the torque capability. Among all the proposed DSFMPM machines, the stator-PM one owns the lowest torque density because it has more short-circuit leakage flux.

Design optimization and comparative analysis of dual-stator flux modulation machines

How to effectively withstand the dc magnetic bias is one of the key aspects of transformer design. General approaches either require additional active power electronics devices or apply complicated control strategies, causing the increased cost or reduced reliability. In this article, a passive negative magnetic reluctance structure (NMRS) is proposed and installed in the air gap of the open-core transformer, which could achieve improved dc magnetic bias withstanding capability without extra active devices. The key criterion of the proposed design is to employ the NMRS with a frequency-variation magnetic reluctance property as a magnetic bandpass filter, which shows a negative equivalent magnetic reluctance for the fundamental component of flux. Nevertheless, it presents a high magnetic reluctance for the dc component. With the proposed design, the transformer provides a strong withstanding dc bias capability and a low magnetizing current as well as high efficiency. Accordingly, both the advantages of open-core and closed-core transformers could be obtained with the proposed design. For verification, a 500-W EE55-based core prototype is constructed and verified with sinusoidal and square wave excitation. Electromagnetic analysis and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.

A Passive Negative Magnetic Reluctance Structure-Based kHz Transformer for Improved DC Magnetic Bias Withstanding

Design and analysis of a novel claw-shaped modular stator relieving-DC-saturation doubly salient machine with 3D complementary magnetic circuit

This paper presents a novel hybrid-excited flux- bidirectional-modulation (HE-FBM) machine. The key of the proposed machine is to utilize both dc field excitation and permanent magnets (PMs) in the stator/rotor to realize hybrid field excitations and effective flux regulation. In this proposed design, there are two sets of consequent- pole PMs, on the outer stator and on the rotor respectively. Dual magnetic gearing effect is artfully incorporated into the design to ensure an effective magnetic coupling among the magnetic fields excited by the armature windings, the dc field windings and the two sets of PMs. With this arrangement, the air-gap flux can be strengthened or weakened by the adjustment of the dc field current, thereby allowing the electromagnetic torque and output voltage to be effectively regulated over a wide range of speeds. This machine has good application potentials in direct- drive electric vehicle propulsion which needs a wide constant power operation range. The performance of this newly proposed HE-FBM machine is analyzed using finite element method.

A Novel Hybrid-Excited Flux Bidirectional Modulated Machine for Electric Vehicle Propulsion

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