The industrial application of UV curable coatings is being widely commercialized at a rapid pace with very diversified product markets. UV curing has existed for many years now, but the new commercial opportunities emerging for sustainable, and climate friendly technologies have driven demand for photo-curable coating systems. It is primarily attributed to its environmentally friendly solvent-free and energy-efficient method. Precedented UV light curable coatings are being commercialized and numerous lamp sources are being extensively studied. In such an era of predominant research evolving the UV curing technology horizon, we attempt to outline the state of the art, opportunities, and challenges. This contribution attempts to highlight, in a comprehensive way, sustainable UV coating on the basis of recent research advancements, existing challenges and prospective scope in this field. With a set of prerequisite foundational knowledge into UV curable coatings and mechanisms, the review has meticulously looked at the recent research advancements. This review contribution attempts to focus on three aspects: the known science behind UV curing coatings, coupled with the recent advancements, and future opportunities.

To Shed Light on the UV Curable Coating Technology: Current State of the Art and Perspectives

A novel, water-stable, perylene diimide (PDI) based metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, U-1, has been synthesized for selective and sensitive detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in mixed aqueous solutions. The MOF shows highly selective fluorescence turn-on detection via the formation of a PFOA-MOF complex. This PFOA-MOF complex formation was confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques. The detection limit of the MOF for PFOA was found to be 1.68 μM in an aqueous suspension. Upon coating onto cellulose paper, the MOF demonstrated a significantly lower detection limit, down to 3.1 nM, which is mainly due to the concentrative effect of solid phase extraction (SPE). This detection limit is lower than the fluorescence sensors based on MOFs previously reported for PFAS detection. The MOF sensor is regenerable and capable of detecting PFOA in drinking and tap water samples. The PDI-MOF-based sensor reported herein represents a novel approach, relying on fluorescence turn-on response, that has not yet been thoroughly investigated for detecting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) until now.

Fluorescence Turn-on Detection of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) by Perylene Diimide-Based Metal-Organic Framework.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising NH3 sensing material owing to its super high electrical conductivity, excellent environmental stability, and reversible doping/dedoping nature. However, the low sensitivity and sluggish recovery rate limit its further application in gas sensors. Herein, exfoliated layered MoS2 nanosheets with large-specific surface area and abundant edge sulfur (S) vacancies are utilized to assist PEDOT:PSS and achieve ideal improvement in NH3 sensing performance at room temperature (RT), including high response values, fast response/recovery ability, and excellent sensing stability in complex environment. MoS2 nanosheets are combined with PEDOT:PSS to construct p-n heterojunction, the S vacancies can improve carrier transfer rate and serve as conductive bridge, effective active sites for NH3 adsorption, this series of performance improvement strategies is the significance of this work. Meanwhile, the density-functional theory (DFT), current-voltage (I-V), and in-situ FITR are firstly employed to discuss the sensing mechanisms in detail. Furthermore, integrating MoS2/PEDOT:PSS flexible sensor into a designed printed circuit board to intelligent, visual, and wireless real-time monitoring the NH3 resistance information in a simulated greenhouse vegetables equipment through the smartphone APP has also been successfully implemented. 

Edge sulfur vacancies riched MoS2 nanosheets assist PEDOT:PSS flexible film ammonia sensing enhancement for wireless greenhouse vegetables monitoring

Industrial waste lignosulphonate to functionalized azo pigments: an application to epoxy-polyamine composite coating

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) is a promising intrinsically conductive polymer. Researchers have been modifying PSS to enhance the conductivity of PEDOT: PSS films, however, the relationship between PSS molecular weight and PEDOT: PSS conductivity remains unclear. Herein, the conductivity mechanism is discussed in detail, and it is observed that, as the molecular weight of PSS increases, the conductivity initially increases but then decreases after reaching a peak. This behavior can be attributed to the different aggregation state structures, the degree of oxidation, and the molecular conformation of PEDOT. Specifically, the optimal PSS molecular weight leads to an increase in PEDOT crystallinity and the appearance of a continuous nanoproto-fiber morphology. Additionally, the highest degree of PEDOT oxidation and the largest molecular weight of PEDOT polymerized after reduction treatment, along with the transition from coiled-coil conformation to linear or swollen coils, synergistically increase the carrier mobility and carrier concentration, resulting in a significant improvement in electrical conductivity. However, further increase in PSS molecular weight leads to decreased crystallinity, reduced continuous crystal domains, lower PEDOT oxidation levels, and molecular weights, preventing the generation of effective charge pathways. The electrical conductivity mechanism reported here provides theoretical models and specific strategies for improving the electrical conductivity of thermoelectric, electromagnetic shielding, and bioelectronic materials. 

The mechanism of enhancing the conductivity of PEDOT: PSS films through molecular weight optimization of PSS

PEDOT:PSS-based Electronic Materials: Preparation, Performance Tuning, Processing, Applications, and Future Prospect

High water-stable, hard and strong-adhesive antistatic films from waterborne PEDOT:PSS composites

The precise control and monitoring of pH values remain critical for many chemical, physiological and biological processes. Perylene diimide (PDI)-based molecules and materials exhibit excellent thermal, chemical and photochemical stability, unique UV-vis absorption and fluorescent emission properties, low cytotoxicity, as well as intrinsic electron-withdrawing (n-type semiconductor) nature and impressive molecular assembly capability. These features combined enable promising applications of PDIs in chemosensors via optical signal modulations (e.g., fluorescent or colorimetric). One of the typical applications lies in the probing of pH under various conditions, which in turn helps monitor the extracellular (environmental) and intracellular pH change and pH-relying molecular recognition of inorganic or organic ions, as well as biological species, and so on. In this review, we give a special overview of the recent progress in PDI-based optical chemosensors for pH probing in various aqueous and binary water–organic media. Specific emphasis will be given to the key design roles of sensing materials regarding the architectures and the corresponding sensing mechanisms for a sensitive and selective pH response. The molecular design of PDIs and structural optimization of their assemblies in order to be suitable for sensing various pH ranges as applied in diverse scenarios will be discussed in detail. Moreover, the future perspective will be discussed, focusing on the current key challenges of PDI-based chemosensors in pH monitoring and the potential approach of new research, which may help address the challenges.

/pdf/architectures-and-mechanisms-of-perylene-diimide-based-26yrdrh7.pdf

Architectures and Mechanisms of Perylene Diimide-Based Optical Chemosensors for pH Probing

Conducting Polymers-Based Gas Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Applications

The corrosion of steel materials has become a global issue, causing significant socio-economic losses and safety concerns. Hot-dip galvanizing is currently one of the most widely used steel anti-corrosion processes. With the rapid advancement of science and technology and emerging industries, the performance of pure galvanized products struggles to meet the demands of practical applications in various environments. Consequently, researchers have begun introducing various metals into the zinc solution to form high-performance alloy coatings. This article primarily explains the process flow of hot-dip galvanizing and the impact of metal elements such as Al, Mg, Sn, and Bi on the coating, as well as outlining the major issues currently faced by the hot-dip galvanizing process. The objective is to offer a more comprehensive introduction to those new to the field of hot-dip galvanizing and to provide theoretical insights for addressing production issues.

Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process and the Influence of Metallic Elements on Composite Coatings

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