Background modeling is currently used to detect moving objects in video acquired from static cameras. Numerous statistical methods have been developed over the recent years. The aim of this paper is firstly to provide an extended and updated survey of the recent researches and patents which concern statistical background modeling and secondly to achieve a comparative evaluation. For this, we firstly classified the statistical methods in terms of category. Then, the original methods are reminded and discussed following the challenges met in video sequences. We classified their respective improvements in terms of strategies used. Furthermore, we discussed them in terms of the critical situations they claim to handle. Finally, we conclude with several promising directions for future research. The survey also discussed relevant patents.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644746/document

Recent Advanced Statistical Background Modeling for Foreground Detection - A Systematic Survey

Photocatalysis offers an energy-efficient and environment-friendly route to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution. Sunlight-driven photocatalytic H2 production with synergistic degradation of pollutants can not only realize the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen energy, but also contribute to water remediation and preparation of organic by-products. In this paper, we adopt a binary analysis perspective to introduce the effects of photocatalyst types, composites, microstructure, pollutants properties, co-existing substances and different synergistic target on dual-functional photocatalytic activity. In addition, the influence mechanisms behind each factor, current challenges and future development directions are also comprehensively discussed. We found that the synergistic water remediation and H2 production system requires a balance between the two individual reactions, which requires not only a bi-directional adaptation of catalyst and pollutant, but also a comprehensive consideration of the reaction environment, i.e., achieving the trinity of pollutants/photocatalysts/co-existing media. Specifically, developing more efficient components and more suitable loading methods, constructing more optimized and innovative catalyst structures and clarifying the degradation mechanism of pollutants are crucial for efficient photocatalytic synergistic systems. This work provided a theoretical basis for the development of bifunctional photocatalytic systems. 

Photocatalysis for synergistic water remediation and H2 production: A review

Huynh and Lee (see Electron Lett, vol31, p1310-12) presented an experimental study of a new kind of broadband microstrip antenna The new antenna basically is a probe-fed rectangular microstrip patch with a U-shaped slot located in a microstrip patch The impedance bandwidth of the antenna is about 47% The far-field characteristics of the antenna are found to be stable The finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis method is used to investigate the antenna characteristics

Analysis of broadband U-slot microstrip antenna

The paper presents technical aspects related to the video computer analysis of people movement in the sales rooms. Automatic generation of the people density maps (also referred to as the “heat maps”) is helpful for the analysis of customers' and employees' behavior in sale and office rooms advertising effectiveness research or tracking movements. Generation of the density maps was realized with the video recordings acquired by typical video surveillance cameras. Data processing was done off-line but the achieved processing time allows the real-time implementation. Experimental tests were carried out at several points of the customer services.

Automatic people density maps generation with use of movement detection analysis

This paper proposes the Minkowski fractal antenna with square patch element. The substrate used for this design is FR-4 the proposed design whose dielectric constant and thickness is 4.4 and 1.6 mm respectively. This antenna consists of four parts-patch, probe feed, substrate and ground plane. The square patch element is located centrally in the Minkowski fractal patch antenna. The parameters studied in the paper are resonant frequency, VSWR, Return Loss, Bandwidth, Radiation Pattern, Smith Chart and gain. The targeted frequency of this antenna is 8.8 GHz for Radio location application and WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Application). It can be used for several applications in X-band (ranges from 8–12 GHz) and Ku-band (ranges from 12– 18 GHz). The antenna resonates at 8.8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 13.02 GHz and 15.23 GHz. The maximum gain observed is near about 1.56 dBi. This proposed design is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) software.

A novel design of multiband Minkowski fractal patch antenna with square patch element for X and Ku band applications

When background subtraction method is used to detect moving objects, illumination changes can easily impact the detection. In order to deal with the problem, a novel algorithm which synthesizes the methods of background subtraction and adjacent-frame difference is proposed. This algorithm adopts Gaussian mixture model to reduce the impact of background disturbance, and uses adjacent-frame difference for reference. It deals with illumination changes by background reconstruction and the function of dynamic learning efficiency. The algorithm is simulated when background is disturbed and illumination changes. The results show that the algorithm is more efficient and more robust than traditional methods, and it can attains background model in complex conditions. The algorithm is very suitable for intelligent video systems with static cameras.

Moving object detection based on an improved gaussian mixture background model

This paper presents a kind of Minkowski fractal reader antenna composed of three layers which is designed for handheld RFID reader systems. By using simulation software HFSS, the return loss, radiation patterns and gains of the Minkowski antenna composed of three-layer are computed. The simulation results show that it operates at 2.425 GHz with a return loss of −30.22 dB and a bandwidth of 100MHz, the size of the Minkowski is much smaller than a convention rectangular patch antenna. it has medium bandwidth, small size, low power loss, which is more satisfactory to the requirement of handheld RFID reader systems.

Study and design of a modified fractal antenna for RFID applications

To realize the effective positioning in urban canyons, an enhanced map-aided Global Positioning System (GPS)/three-dimensional (3D) reduced inertial sensor system (RISS) tightly combined positioning strategy is proposed. First, the 3D RISS is only based on the built-in controller area network (CAN). CAN bus sensor without additional sensors is first constructed to lower the cost. Then, a simple but effective enhanced map is created to assist positioning. Based on the map, a Kalman filtering (KF) tightly coupled method is proposed to fuse the 3D RISS with GPS information and to achieve the preliminary positioning. In KF-based preliminary positioning method, a simply observation noise variance optimization algorithm based on 2D enhanced map is proposed to improve KF method. In this algorithm, the value of the observation noise variance matrix is determined only according to the building plane information which is contained in the enhanced map. Further, a multiweight map matching algorithm is proposed for optimizing the initial positioning results. In this algorithm, factors such as distance, direction, road network topology, and lane change are considered and applied to map matching to further increase the positioning performance and form the final positioning results. Finally, the effectiveness of the strategy is proved by field test. The results show that this method has better accuracy and reliability than the conventional method.

Enhanced Map-Aided GPS/3D RISS Combined Positioning Strategy in Urban Canyons

A miniaturization structure of modified square fractal antenna is proposed in this paper. The designed antenna is used not only to get size reduction, but also to get changed frequency separation as what we want. In practice, the fractal antenna was designed to cover the frequency of ISM Bands from 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz and from 5.725 GHz to 5.875 GHz. The simulation results show that the proposed antenna has good impedance and radiation characteristics over the required bandwidth. The prototype is compact, light, simple, low-cost, and is suitable to use for RFID as the reader antenna.

Investigation and Design of a Modified Aperture-Couple Fractal Antenna for RFID Applications

The robustness and stability of lane detection is vital for advanced driver assistance vehicle technology and even autonomous driving technology. To meet the challenges of real-time lane detection in complex traffic scenes, a simple but robust multilane detection method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method breaks down the lane detection task into two stages, that is, lane line detection algorithm based on instance segmentation and lane modeling algorithm based on adaptive perspective transform. Firstly, the lane line detection algorithm based on instance segmentation is decomposed into two tasks, and a multitask network based on MobileNet is designed. This algorithm includes two parts: lane line semantic segmentation branch and lane line Id embedding branch. The lane line semantic segmentation branch is mainly used to obtain the segmentation results of lane pixels and reconstruct the lane line binary image. The lane line Id embedding branch mainly determines which pixels belong to the same lane line, thereby classifying different lane lines into different categories and then clustering these different categories. Secondly, the adaptive perspective transformation model is adopted. In this model, the motion information is used to accurately convert the original image into a bird’s-eye view image, and then the least-squares second-order polynomial fitting is performed on the lane line pixels. Finally, experiments on the CULane dataset show that the proposed method achieved similar or better performance compared with several state-of-the-art methods, the F1 score of the proposed method in the normal test set and most challenge test sets is better than other algorithms, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method, and then the field experiments results show that the proposed method has good practical application value in various complex traffic scenes.

/pdf/a-robust-detection-method-for-multilane-lines-in-complex-3qsyvqou.pdf

A Robust Detection Method for Multilane Lines in Complex Traffic Scenes

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