Color image segmentation: advances and prospects

This paper presents a new reflectance model for rendering computer synthesized images. The model accounts for the relative brightness of different materials and light sources in the same scene. It describes the directional distribution of the reflected light and a color shift that occurs as the reflectance changes with incidence angle. The paper presents a method for obtaining the spectral energy distribution of the light reflected from an object made of a specific real material and discusses a procedure for accurately reproducing the color associated with the spectral energy distribution. The model is applied to the simulation of a metal and a plastic.

A reflectance model for computer graphics

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables contactless monitoring of the blood volume pulse using a regular camera. Recent research focused on improved motion robustness, but the proposed blind source separation techniques (BSS) in RGB color space show limited success. We present an analysis of the motion problem, from which far superior chrominance-based methods emerge. For a population of 117 stationary subjects, we show our methods to perform in 92% good agreement (±1.96σ) with contact PPG, with RMSE and standard deviation both a factor of 2 better than BSS-based methods. In a fitness setting using a simple spectral peak detector, the obtained pulse-rate for modest motion (bike) improves from 79% to 98% correct, and for vigorous motion (stepping) from less than 11% to more than 48% correct. We expect the greatly improved robustness to considerably widen the application scope of the technology.

Robust Pulse Rate From Chrominance-Based rPPG

This paper is concerned with the derivation of a progression of shadow-free image representations. First, we show that adopting certain assumptions about lights and cameras leads to a 1D, gray-scale image representation which is illuminant invariant at each image pixel. We show that as a consequence, images represented in this form are shadow-free. We then extend this 1D representation to an equivalent 2D, chromaticity representation. We show that in this 2D representation, it is possible to relight all the image pixels in the same way, effectively deriving a 2D image representation which is additionally shadow-free. Finally, we show how to recover a 3D, full color shadow-free image representation by first (with the help of the 2D representation) identifying shadow edges. We then remove shadow edges from the edge-map of the original image by edge in-painting and we propose a method to reintegrate this thresholded edge map, thus deriving the sought-after 3D shadow-free image.

/pdf/on-the-removal-of-shadows-from-images-20rcnm8x1p.pdf

On the removal of shadows from images

VSUMM: A mechanism designed to produce static video summaries and a novel evaluation method

Modeling and Estimation for Surface-Spectral Reflectance of Watercolor Paintings

An Active Illumination Method for Tristimulus Image Display.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make it possible to stably perform, so-called, saccade evaluation while enabling subjective evaluation.SOLUTION: A video evaluation system comprises: video information creation means for creating information for identifying video that is supposed to be displayed on video display means for performing color display on the basis of color mixing using time division display of a plurality of basic primary color planes, has non-null average relative speed between movement speed of an observation target and movement speed of a line of vision of the observation target, and has a video element whose speed is variable; observation information acquisition means for acquiring information for identifying video to be observed from the line of vision on the video display means; and evaluation means for calculating, from the acquired information, an evaluation index that is correlated with a sensory evaluation value and is based on a difference between color breaking video in the case that color breaking is generated and reference video in the case that color breaking is not generated.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Video evaluation system, video evaluation device, and video evaluation method

Illuminant Estimation of Multiple Light Sources Based on Specular Highlight Detection

This paper derives a general condition for image sensors in the design of color image measuring systems. An application example to a drum scanner is presented. Heretofore, the measurement of color image has been restricted to the three-sensor system for R, G and B. However, it is difficult, to realize a highly accurate color measurement using only three sensors, for such actual color input devices as a drum scanner. From such a viewpoint, this paper proposes an improvement of the color measuring performance by increasing the number of sensors. First, a theoretical analysis is presented for the color measuring system using the vector analysis technique, and the basic conditions for the image sensor are derived. The discussion starts from the formulation of the basic property of the color-matching in the visual system. The problem is formulated by requesting that the measuring system should realize the equivalent characteristics. This viewpoint leads to a natural condition. In other words, the spectral response curves of the visual system should be represented as linear combinations of the spectral response curves of the image sensors. Then, a practical condition is presented using the CIE color-matching function. The computation method for the determination of the spectral response curves of the sensors is presented based on the least-square technique. As an application example, a drum scanner with four sensors for B/W, R, G and B is discussed. The spectral response curves are determined by adjusting the color filter, and the performance of the system is examined experimentally on the color specification system.

A generalized condition for designing a measuring system of color images and its application

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