Metamaterials are artificially fabricated materials that allow for the control of light and acoustic waves in a manner that is not possible in nature. This Review covers the recent developments in the study of so-called metasurfaces, which offer the possibility of controlling light with ultrathin, planar optical components. Conventional optical components such as lenses, waveplates and holograms rely on light propagation over distances much larger than the wavelength to shape wavefronts. In this way substantial changes of the amplitude, phase or polarization of light waves are gradually accumulated along the optical path. This Review focuses on recent developments on flat, ultrathin optical components dubbed 'metasurfaces' that produce abrupt changes over the scale of the free-space wavelength in the phase, amplitude and/or polarization of a light beam. Metasurfaces are generally created by assembling arrays of miniature, anisotropic light scatterers (that is, resonators such as optical antennas). The spacing between antennas and their dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength. As a result the metasurfaces, on account of Huygens principle, are able to mould optical wavefronts into arbitrary shapes with subwavelength resolution by introducing spatial variations in the optical response of the light scatterers. Such gradient metasurfaces go beyond the well-established technology of frequency selective surfaces made of periodic structures and are extending to new spectral regions the functionalities of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave transmit-arrays and reflect-arrays. Metasurfaces can also be created by using ultrathin films of materials with large optical losses. By using the controllable abrupt phase shifts associated with reflection or transmission of light waves at the interface between lossy materials, such metasurfaces operate like optically thin cavities that strongly modify the light spectrum. Technology opportunities in various spectral regions and their potential advantages in replacing existing optical components are discussed.

Flat Optics With Designer Metasurfaces

Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting....

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Femtosecond laser micromachining can be used either to remove materials or to change a material's properties, and can be applied to both absorptive and transparent substances. Over the past decade, this technique has been used in a broad range of applications, from waveguide fabrication to cell ablation. This review describes the physical mechanisms and the main experimental parameters involved in the femtosecond laser micromachining of transparent materials, and important emerging applications of the technology. Interactions between laser and matter are fascinating and have found a wide range of applications. This article gives an overview of the fundamental physical mechanisms in the processing of transparent materials using ultrafast lasers, as well as important emerging applications of the technology.

Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials

Micromachines can be created with higher resolution using two-photon absorption.

Finer features for functional microdevices

Additive manufacturing (AM) is poised to bring about a revolution in the way products are designed, manufactured, and distributed to end users. This technology has gained significant academic as well as industry interest due to its ability to create complex geometries with customizable material properties. AM has also inspired the development of the maker movement by democratizing design and manufacturing. Due to the rapid proliferation of a wide variety of technologies associated with AM, there is a lack of a comprehensive set of design principles, manufacturing guidelines, and standardization of best practices. These challenges are compounded by the fact that advancements in multiple technologies (for example materials processing, topology optimization) generate a "positive feedback loop" effect in advancing AM. In order to advance research interest and investment in AM technologies, some fundamental questions and trends about the dependencies existing in these avenues need highlighting. The goal of our review paper is to organize this body of knowledge surrounding AM, and present current barriers, findings, and future trends significantly to the researchers. We also discuss fundamental attributes of AM processes, evolution of the AM industry, and the affordances enabled by the emergence of AM in a variety of areas such as geometry processing, material design, and education. We conclude our paper by pointing out future directions such as the "print-it-all" paradigm, that have the potential to re-imagine current research and spawn completely new avenues for exploration. The fundamental attributes and challenges/barriers of Additive Manufacturing (AM).The evolution of research on AM with a focus on engineering capabilities.The affordances enabled by AM such as geometry, material and tools design.The developments in industry, intellectual property, and education-related aspects.The important future trends of AM technologies.

The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering

We have developed a drastically advanced micro stereo lithography named “Super M process”. It is the most unique feature of this process that liquid UV (Ultra Violet) polymer can be solidified at a pinpoint position in 3D space by optimizing apparatus and focusing condition of the laser beam. This pinpoint exposure enables us to make real 3D micro structure without any support parts nor sacrificial layers. Therefore freely movable micro mechanism such as gear rotators and free connected chains can be made easily. Moreover, several problems which conventional micro stereo lithography has are completely solved. Submicron fabrication resolution has first achieved by simple desk top apparatus. Since total fabricationtime of the super IH process is extremely fast, it is easy to apply to mass productive 3D micro fabrication process.

NEW MICRO STEREO LITHOG FOR FREELY MOVABLE 3D MICRO - Super IH Process with Submicron Resolution -

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a technique capable of driving a movable member, a minute article using an objective lens of a low numerical aperture with low output laser lights having an output of about several mW, rather than several W for a conventional technique. SOLUTION: This micromachine has a structure such that a movable member is movably supported by a supporting member, and comprises a face constituted to hold fluid surrounding the movable member to be operated, means for applying an electric field to the movable member surrounded by the fluid, at least one photoconductive area on the face provided for converting received lights into a local electric field near the received lights, and a light source collecting and emitting lights near the movable member in the fluid via the photoconductive area, and generating a driving force by an uneven dielectric polarization force generated to the movable member according to the induced local electric field. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Photoelectric driving micromachine and driving method of minute movable member

We propose a simple autofocusing method for two-photon lithography with an accuracy of sub-micron scale. We achieved the autofocusing by image processing using transmission images of photopolymerized voxels and demonstrated mass-fabrication of spiral square structures.

Simple autofocusing method by image processing for two-photon lithography

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jrsj1983/25/2/25_2_212/_pdf

Development of All Optically Controlled Biochips

The study proposes optoelectronics based on liquid metal and photo-switchable ionic liquid with liquid-liquid heterojunction technology. As a proof of concept, a liquid-state light sensor and an optical memory which is switched on and off by UV and blue light exposures were demonstrated. The ionic liquid named 1-butyl-3-(4-phenylazobenzyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([Azo][NTf 2 ]) is used to realize functions as a light sensor or an optical memory. This ionic liquid is photoresponsive and can undergo a reversible isomerization controlled by light irradiation of UV or Blue; this property was used to realize the liquid-state optoelectronics in this study. In addition, a liquid-state heterojunction was taken advantage of in interconnects between sensing ionic liquid and liquid metal. The liquid-state heterojunction in the microchannels was critical to preventing intermixing of the two liquid components, especially, when the completed devices underwent mechanical deformation. These two important technologies, the photo-switchable ionic liquid and the heterojunction, achieved liquid-state optoelectronics based on liquid materials.

Highly Deformable Optoelectronics Using Liquid Metal

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