Metamaterials are artificially fabricated materials that allow for the control of light and acoustic waves in a manner that is not possible in nature. This Review covers the recent developments in the study of so-called metasurfaces, which offer the possibility of controlling light with ultrathin, planar optical components. Conventional optical components such as lenses, waveplates and holograms rely on light propagation over distances much larger than the wavelength to shape wavefronts. In this way substantial changes of the amplitude, phase or polarization of light waves are gradually accumulated along the optical path. This Review focuses on recent developments on flat, ultrathin optical components dubbed 'metasurfaces' that produce abrupt changes over the scale of the free-space wavelength in the phase, amplitude and/or polarization of a light beam. Metasurfaces are generally created by assembling arrays of miniature, anisotropic light scatterers (that is, resonators such as optical antennas). The spacing between antennas and their dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength. As a result the metasurfaces, on account of Huygens principle, are able to mould optical wavefronts into arbitrary shapes with subwavelength resolution by introducing spatial variations in the optical response of the light scatterers. Such gradient metasurfaces go beyond the well-established technology of frequency selective surfaces made of periodic structures and are extending to new spectral regions the functionalities of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave transmit-arrays and reflect-arrays. Metasurfaces can also be created by using ultrathin films of materials with large optical losses. By using the controllable abrupt phase shifts associated with reflection or transmission of light waves at the interface between lossy materials, such metasurfaces operate like optically thin cavities that strongly modify the light spectrum. Technology opportunities in various spectral regions and their potential advantages in replacing existing optical components are discussed.

Flat Optics With Designer Metasurfaces

Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting....

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Femtosecond laser micromachining can be used either to remove materials or to change a material's properties, and can be applied to both absorptive and transparent substances. Over the past decade, this technique has been used in a broad range of applications, from waveguide fabrication to cell ablation. This review describes the physical mechanisms and the main experimental parameters involved in the femtosecond laser micromachining of transparent materials, and important emerging applications of the technology. Interactions between laser and matter are fascinating and have found a wide range of applications. This article gives an overview of the fundamental physical mechanisms in the processing of transparent materials using ultrafast lasers, as well as important emerging applications of the technology.

Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials

Micromachines can be created with higher resolution using two-photon absorption.

Finer features for functional microdevices

Additive manufacturing (AM) is poised to bring about a revolution in the way products are designed, manufactured, and distributed to end users. This technology has gained significant academic as well as industry interest due to its ability to create complex geometries with customizable material properties. AM has also inspired the development of the maker movement by democratizing design and manufacturing. Due to the rapid proliferation of a wide variety of technologies associated with AM, there is a lack of a comprehensive set of design principles, manufacturing guidelines, and standardization of best practices. These challenges are compounded by the fact that advancements in multiple technologies (for example materials processing, topology optimization) generate a "positive feedback loop" effect in advancing AM. In order to advance research interest and investment in AM technologies, some fundamental questions and trends about the dependencies existing in these avenues need highlighting. The goal of our review paper is to organize this body of knowledge surrounding AM, and present current barriers, findings, and future trends significantly to the researchers. We also discuss fundamental attributes of AM processes, evolution of the AM industry, and the affordances enabled by the emergence of AM in a variety of areas such as geometry processing, material design, and education. We conclude our paper by pointing out future directions such as the "print-it-all" paradigm, that have the potential to re-imagine current research and spawn completely new avenues for exploration. The fundamental attributes and challenges/barriers of Additive Manufacturing (AM).The evolution of research on AM with a focus on engineering capabilities.The affordances enabled by AM such as geometry, material and tools design.The developments in industry, intellectual property, and education-related aspects.The important future trends of AM technologies.

The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering

We have already demonstrated world’s first “In-chip cell-free protein synthesis from DNA7rd by using the Biochemical IC chips [1]. In this paper, we newly developed high-performance Biochemical IC chips for cell-free protein synthesis. These new Biochemical IC chips gave 17-fold increase in protein production compared to that of previous chips. Our successful results provide new and strong method demanded from post-genome research to find the relationship between genes and proteins. User-assemble versatile Biochemical IC chips enable us to reduce experimental through put time, the cost of expensive biochemical reagent and apparatus for various kinds of protein. DNA originated cell-free protein synthesis is one of the biggest key technology for not only life science but also medicine and drug discovery.

Chemical IC Chip Family for on-Chip Cell-Free Protein Synthesis From DNA

Optically driven nanomanipulators with two degrees-of-freedom have been developed by using two-photon microstereolithography. The nanomanipulators are worked by maneuvering their movable component with a focused laser beam. To control the movement just by a single laser beam, the nanomanipulators is attached to a column-like structure named "Optical trapping point." Since the driving performance of the nanomanipulators depends on the shape and size of the optical trapping point, we have optimized the column-like optical trapping point. By the optimization of the optical trap point, the driving frequencies of translational motion and rotational motion were attained to 12 Hz and 120 rpm, respectively. The nanomanipulators also offers the torque on the order of fN to pN. Such optically driven nanomanipulation tools will be widely applied to micro/nano biotechnology and micro total analysis systems (μ-TAS).© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Laser-driven multi-degrees-of-freedom nanomanipulators produced by two-photon microstereolithography

We proposed a novel viscous micropump driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam (LG beam). The micropump consists of a U-shaped microchannel and a microrotor. In this micropump, the rotation of the microrotor enables to transport fluid by use of the viscous drag surrounding the microrotor. To rotate the microrotor, we developed an optical manipulation system using a LG beam. Since LG beam has orbital angular momentum, it enables to rotate multiple microparticles along its doughnut-ring-like transversal intensity distribution. We examined the dependence of the rotation of multiple microparticles on topological charge l of LG beam. In our preliminary experiments, the highest rotation speed of 240 rpm with a rotation radius of 7.5 µm was obtained with a LG beam with topological charge l = 16. According to the result, we designed and fabricated LG beam driven microrotors of radius of 7.5 µm by using two-photon microfabrication. By optimizing the thickness of the microrotor, a microrotor driven at 240 rpm was produced by two-photon microfabrication. Finally, viscous micropump using the high-speed microrotor was developed.

A viscous micropump using a spinning microrotor driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam

Manipulation of Microobjects by Optical Tweezers

Stereolithography and Two-Photon Polymerization

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