The world’s population is concentrated in urban areas. This change in demography has brought landscape transformations that have a number of documented effects on stream ecosystems. The most consistent and pervasive effect is an increase in impervious surface cover within urban catchments, which alters the hydrology and geomorphology of streams. This results in predictable changes in stream habitat. In addition to imperviousness, runoff from urbanized surfaces as well as municipal and industrial discharges result in increased loading of nutrients, metals, pesticides, and other contaminants to streams. These changes result in consistent declines in the richness of algal, invertebrate, and fish communities in urban streams. Although understudied in urban streams, ecosystem processes are also affected by urbanization. Urban streams represent opportunities for ecologists interested in studying disturbance and contributing to more effective landscape management.

/pdf/streams-in-the-urban-landscape-mt89v53ix5.pdf

Streams in the Urban Landscape

Response to cadmium in higher plants

pReVIously ClAssIfIed by IARC As “CARCInogenIC to humAns (gRoup 1)” And wAs deVeloped by sIx sepARAte woRkIng gRoups: phARmACeutICAls; bIologICAl Agents; ARsenIC, metAls, fIbRes, And dusts; RAdIAtIon; peRsonAl hAbIts And IndooR CombustIons; ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons. thIs Volume 100f CoVeRs ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons, speCIfICAlly 4-AmInobIphenyl, benzIdIne, dyes metAbolIzed to benzIdIne, 4,4’-methylenebIs(2-ChloRoAnIlIne), 2-nAphthylAmIne, oRtho-toluIdIne, AuRAmIne And AuRAmIne pRoduCtIon, mAgentA And mAgentA pRoduCtIon, benzo[A]pyRene, CoAl gAsIfICAtIon, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng CoAl-tAR dIstIllAtIon, CoAl-tAR pItCh, Coke pRoduCtIon, untReAted oR mIldly tReAted mIneRAl oIls, shAle oIls, soot, As found In oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe of ChImney-sweeps, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng AlumInIum pRoduCtIon, AflAtoxIns, benzene, bIs(ChloRomethyl)etheR And ChloRomethyl methyl etheR, 1,3-butAdIene, 2,3,7,8-tetRAChloRodIbenzo-pARA-dIoxIn, 2,3,4,7,8-pentAChloRodIbenzofuRAn, And 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentAChloRobIphenyl, ethylene oxIde, foRmAldehyde, sulfuR mustARd, VInyl ChloRIde, IsopRopyl AlCohol mAnufACtuRe by the stRong-ACId pRoCess, mIsts fRom stRong InoRgAnIC ACIds, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng IRon And steel foundIng, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe As A pAInteR, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes In the RubbeR mAnufACtuRIng IndustRy. beCAuse the sCope of Volume 100 Is so bRoAd, Its monogRAphs ARe foCused on key InfoRmAtIon. eACh monogRAph pResents A desCRIptIon of A CARCInogenIC Agent And how people ARe exposed, CRItICAl oVeRVIews of the epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys, And A ConCIse ReVIew of the Agent’s toxICokInetICs, plAusIble meChAnIsms of CARCInogenesIs, And potentIAlly susCeptIble populAtIons, And lIfe-stAges. detAIls of the desIgn And Results of IndIVIduAl epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys ARe summARIzed In tAbles. shoRt tAbles thAt hIghlIght key Results ARe pRInted In Volume 100, And moRe extensIVe tAbles thAt InClude All studIes AppeAR on the monogRAphs pRogRAmme websIte (http://monogRAphs.IARC.fR). It Is hoped thAt thIs Volume, by CompIlIng the knowledge ACCumulAted thRough seVeRAl deCAdes of CAnCeR ReseARCh, wIll stImulAte CAnCeR pReVentIon ACtIVItIes woRldwIde, And wIll be A VAlued ResouRCe foR futuRe ReseARCh to IdentIfy otheR Agents suspeCted of CAusIng CAnCeR In humAns. D es ig n by A ude la d es m ot s

iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns

Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants and their toxicity is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional, and environmental reasons. Plants posses homeostatic cellular mechanisms to regulate the concentration of metal ions inside the cell to minimize the potential damage that could result from the exposure to nonessential metal ions. This paper summarizes present knowledge in the field of higher plant responses to cadmium, an important environmental pollutant. Knowledge concerning metal toxicity, including mechanisms of cadmium homeostasis, uptake, transport and accumulation are evaluated. The role of the cell wall, the plasma membrane and the mycorrhizas, as the main barriers against cadmium entrance to the cell, as well as some aspects related to phytochelatin-based sequestration and compartmentalization processes are also reviewed. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress was also considered as one of the most studied topics of cadmium toxicity.

/pdf/cadmium-toxicity-in-plants-2frqt8lfia.pdf

Cadmium toxicity in plants

8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was first reported in 1984 as a major form of oxidative DNA damage product by heated sugar, Fenton-type reagents and X-irradiation in vitro. 8-OH-dG has been detected in cellular DNA using an HPLC-ECD method in many laboratories. Analyses of 8-OH-dG in animal organ DNA after the administration of oxygen radical-forming chemicals will be useful for assessments of their carcinogenic risk. Its analysis in human leucocyte DNA and in urine is a new approach to the assessment of an individual's cancer risk due to oxidative stress. The increase of the 8-OH-dG level in the cellular DNA, detected by HPLC-ECD method, was supported by its immunochemical detection and its enhanced repair activity. The validity of the general use of 8-OH-dG as a marker of cellular oxidative stress is discussed.

Analysis of a form of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, as a marker of cellular oxidative stress during carcinogenesis

Evaluation of contribution of drainage from sewage treatment plants to water pollution based on the amount of urobilin in rivers

Metabolic enzyme induction in the rat by organic river sediment pollutants.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Bottom Mud of Rivers VIII.

Distribution of Phosphatase-Producing Bacteria in Lake Shinseiko and Their Physiological Properties.

The total and 0.5N-HCl soluble Cu contents in the bottom mud of major rivers in Japan were determined. The base-line levels of total and acid-soluble Cu were 23 ppm and 7 ppm, respectively. Rivers are divided into three types based on the distributions of total and acid-soluble Cu contents in mud as follows : 1) Non-polluted rivers : Total and acid-soluble Cu contents show the value near the base-line level from upper to lower streams. Total Cu contents are affected by the parent materials of the sampling station, however, and the amount of acid-soluble Cu is less than 30 per cent of total Cu. 2) Urban rivers : Total and acid-soluble Cu contents increase remarkably downstream, and the amount of acid-soluble Cu is more than 60 per cent of total Cu. 3) Mining rivers : Total and acid-soluble Cu contents are remarkably high upstream where the waste water from mines is received, and decrease during transport.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Bottom Mud of Rivers IX

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