In the past decades, the energy consumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasing, which severely threatens human life. Thus, it is very urgent to develop renewable and reliable energy storage devices with features of environmental harmlessness and low cost. High power density, excellent cycle stability, and a fast charge/discharge process make supercapacitors a promising energy device. However, the energy density of supercapacitors is still less than that of ordinary batteries. As is known to all, the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors is largely dependent on electrode materials. In this review, we firstly introduced six typical transition metal oxides (TMOs) for supercapacitor electrodes, including RuO2, Co3O4, MnO2, ZnO, XCo2O4 (X = Mn, Cu, Ni), and AMoO4 (A = Co, Mn, Ni, Zn). Secondly, the problems of these TMOs in practical application are presented and the corresponding feasible solutions are clarified. Then, we summarize the latest developments of the six TMOs for supercapacitor electrodes. Finally, we discuss the developing trend of supercapacitors and give some recommendations for the future of supercapacitors.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/5/1248/pdf

Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review of Recent Developments.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are energy storage devices with unique characteristics, and together with batteries have generated a significant research effort, with various types of electrode materials been developed over the last...

Advances in Pseudocapacitive and Battery-like Electrode Materials for High Performance Supercapacitors

Local Structure Engineered Lead-Free Ferroic Dielectrics for Superior Energy-Storage Capacitors: A Review

A multidimensional rational design of nickel-iron sulfide and carbon nanotubes on diatomite via synergistic modulation strategy for supercapacitors.

Aqueous supercapacitors have the superiorities of high safety, environmental friendliness, inexpensive, etc. High energy density supercapacitors are not conducive to manufacturing due to the limitation of water thermodynamic decomposition potential, resulting in a narrow working voltage window. To address such challenges, a great endeavor has started to investigate high voltage aqueous supercapacitors as well as making some progress. This review summarizes key strategies regarding the realization of wide working voltage of aqueous supercapacitors and analyzes the involved mechanism, including the optimization of electrodes, electrolytes, diaphragms, and supercapacitor structures. From the perspective of extending the theoretical voltage window, electrode functionalization, heteroatom doping, neutral electrolyte, water-in-salt electrolyte, introducing redox mediators into electrolyte, and designing asymmetric structure are effective strategies for achieving this goal. Further, the actual voltage window can be maximized by optimizing the electrode mass ratio, adjusting potential of zero voltage, and electrode functionalization. The challenge and future of expanding working voltage of aqueous supercapacitors are further discussed. Importantly, this review provides inspiration for the development of supercapacitors with high energy density.

Perspectives on Working Voltage of Aqueous Supercapacitors.

Core-shell nanostructured ZnO@CoS arrays as advanced electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors

Although zinc oxide (ZnO) with wide distribution is one of the most attractive energy storage materials, the low electronic conductivity and insufficient active sites of bulk ZnO increase the internal resistance and reduce the capacity of electrodes for supercapacitors. Herein, CoS nanosheets are coated on the surface of heterostructured ZnO/Co3O4 nanowires to synthesize a core-shell Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode by a three-step method. The built-in electric field formed between ZnO and Co3O4 can enhance the conductivity of the composite electrode. The coating of amorphous CoS can also provide sufficient active sites and improve the chemical stability of ZnO/Co3O4 nanowires. As a result, the as-prepared Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 1190 C g-1, which is 7 times higher than that of the pristine ZnO electrode. Besides, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with the Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode exhibits a high energy density of 56.8 W h kg-1 at a power density of 771.6 W kg-1. Furthermore, we assembled a solar-charging power system by combining the HSC and monocrystalline silicon plates to prove the practicability of the device, which can power a toy electric fan successfully. This study provides an effective idea and strategy for preparing Zn-based supercapacitor electrodes with low cost and deep discharge.

Core–shell nanostructured Zn–Co–O@CoS arrays for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted tremendous attention in the field of supercapacitors and electrocatalysis due to their open metal sites and high surface area. However, their inherent instability and poor electrical conductivity lead to limited electrochemical performance. Herein, we have employed a new and simple strategy for converting MOF bulk into porous Zn-Co hydroxide composites with the assistance of electric fields with different cycles. This method can alter the migration behavior of charged molecules/ions and improve the nucleation rate of hydroxide, thus adjusting the morphology of derivatives. As a supercapacitor electrode, the optimal material of Zn0.3Co0.7(OH)2 with an electric-field application time of 1200 cycles shows excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity of 981.2 C g-1 at 1 A g-1. Additionally, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits an energy density of 42.5 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 750.0 W kg-1 and a remarkable cycling stability (99% after 11,000 cycles). Simultaneously, the as-prepared Zn0.3Co0.7(OH)2 with an electric-field application time of 1200 cycles delivers prominent OER performances, which can exhibit low overpotentials of 300 and 326 mV at 50 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively, and shows a small Tafel slope of 31.5 mV dec-1. This study represents a new strategy for the synthesis of economical and efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors and OER electrocatalysts and offers a novel way for the mild preparation of nanoderivatives from MOFs.

Electric-Field-Assisted Alkaline Hydrolysis of Metal-Organic Framework Bulk into Highly Porous Hydroxide for Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis.

Supporting Information Insights into Zn Anode Surface Chemistry for Dendrite-Free Zn Ion Batteries Qiang Hua,+, Jisong Huc,+, Yuanxia Lia, Xinyi Zhoua, Shixiang Dinga, Qiaoji Zhenga,*, Dunmin Lina, Jingxin Zhaob,*, Bingang Xub,* a. College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China b. Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China c. School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Insights into Zn Anode Surface Chemistry for Dendrite-Free Zn Ion Batteries

ZnO/CoO@NiCoS nanohybrids with double heterogeneous interface for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

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