Small, compact and embedded sensors are a pervasive technology in everyday life for a wide number of applications (e.g., wearable devices, domotics, e-health systems, etc.). In this context, wireless transmission plays a key role, and among available solutions, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is gaining more and more popularity. BLE merges together good performance, low-energy consumption and widespread diffusion. The aim of this work is to review the main methodologies adopted to investigate BLE performance. The first part of this review is an in-depth description of the protocol, highlighting the main characteristics and implementation details. The second part reviews the state of the art on BLE characteristics and performance. In particular, we analyze throughput, maximum number of connectable sensors, power consumption, latency and maximum reachable range, with the aim to identify what are the current limits of BLE technology. The main results can be resumed as follows: throughput may theoretically reach the limit of ~230 kbps, but actual applications analyzed in this review show throughputs limited to ~100 kbps; the maximum reachable range is strictly dependent on the radio power, and it goes up to a few tens of meters; the maximum number of nodes in the network depends on connection parameters, on the network architecture and specific device characteristics, but it is usually lower than 10; power consumption and latency are largely modeled and analyzed and are strictly dependent on a huge number of parameters. Most of these characteristics are based on analytical models, but there is a need for rigorous experimental evaluations to understand the actual limits.

Performance Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: A Systematic Review

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a recently developed energy-efficient short-range radio communication technology, which is nowa- days vastly becoming more and more popular. The technology aims to provide an energy-efficient low-cost wireless communication mechanism for a wide range of resource-limited consumer electronic devices and applications. In this paper we focus on the networking aspects of the tech- nology. First, we overview fundamentals of BLE communication technology, discuss its capabilities and limitations, and compare BLE with state-of-the-art technologies. Furthermore, we identify and discuss two scenarios, for which standard BLE communication mechanisms show poor performance and propose two mechanisms capable of improving throughput and energy efficiency of BLE communication in multi node environment. The efficiency of the proposed mechanisms is proved via network level simulations, which are executed using the developed BLE simulation tool. The results of the simulations are reported and discussed. We believe that the presented results might be of some interest not only for academic researchers but also for practicing engineers.

Mechanisms for improving throughput and energy efficiency of Bluetooth Low Energy for multi node environment

Wireless body sensor network (WBSN) technologies are considered one of attracting research areas in computer science. When combined with the healthcare application, it provides high value technology of comprehensive healthcare monitoring solution in extreme situations including high altitude or disaster area enabling the ground controller to monitor remote pilots or earthquake victims in real time by combination of wireless sensors and sensor networks. Sensor networks are irregular clusters of communicating sensor nodes, which collect and process information from onboard sensors, and they can share some of this information with neighboring nodes. By recent technological advances in the integration of ultra-low power networks of miniatured sensors, embedded microcontrollers and radio interfaces on an all-in-one chip can collect important physiologic informations from the surrounding environment efficiently. In addition, the sensed physiological data transmitted to a remote healthcare provider can be modulated and fed back by processing software such as artificial intelligence system enriching capability of the sensor network. In this study, we develop a wireless body sensor network which integrates different physiological sensors with radiointerface to sense physiological data from a human body, and then rehearses to transmits the data to a remote healthcare cloud through a smartphone as an interface. Test results for simulated measurements of wireless transmission and emulation in a smartphone are given and discussed.

A Wireless Body Sensor Network and Its Applications: Rehearsal with a Smartphone

Technology can positively impact the lives of severely disabled autistic children if used to (a) gather situational awareness data regarding their health, development, and behavior and (b) assist them with learning and day-to-day activities. This paper summarizes student design projects in the Kansas State University (KSU) College of Engineering that are motivated and informed by the needs of severely disabled children at Heartspring, Wichita, KS. These efforts are supported through the National Science Foundation's General and Age-Related Disabilities Engineering (GARDE) program. Projects relate thematically to (1) facets of a bed sensor system that unobtrusively tracks nighttime health parameters and child activity and (2) miscellaneous resources geared toward paraeducator (“para”) and child well-being and development.

Design projects motivated and informed by the needs of severely disabled autistic children

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless technology with low power that is designed to be embedded into a number of devices to monitor their applications. It is considered as power friendly where it enables devices to consume less power while running on a long period of time. The most interesting thing with BLE is its capability to work on applications already installed on smartphones and tablets without any difficulty. This capability will provide developers with a proper solution to enable the technology on billions of devices which are already on the market. This paper describes the concept of BLE technology, its architecture and the used applications. The established security structure on BLE is also described to show BLE performance on devices.

/pdf/bluetooth-low-energy-a-survey-2avjo27shr.pdf

Bluetooth Low Energy: A Survey

Behavior tracking with severely disabled children can be a challenge, since dealing directly with a child's behavior is more immediately pressing than the need to record an event for tracking purposes. By the time a paraeducator (‘para’) is able to break away and record events, behavior counts can be forgotten. This paper presents a paraeducator glove design that can help to track behaviors with minimal distraction by allowing a paraeducator to touch their thumb to one of their other four fingers, where each finger represents a different behavior. Count data are packaged by a microcontroller board on the glove and then sent wirelessly to a smart phone via a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) link. A customized BLE profile was designed for this application to promote real-time recording. These data can be forwarded to a database for further analysis. This para glove design addresses basic needs of a wearable device that employs BLE, including local data collection, BLE data transmission, and remote data recording. More functional sensors can be added to this platform to support other wearable scenarios.

A paraeducator glove for counting disabled-child behaviors that incorporates a Bluetooth Low Energy wireless link to a smart phone

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A paraeducator glove for counting disabled-child behaviors that incorporates a Bluetooth Low Energy wireless link to a smart phone