Vaccine cold chain management and cold storage technology to address the challenges of vaccination programs

Phase change materials (PCMs) have become a research hotspot in the field of energy storage due to their high energy storage density. Fruits and vegetables have the characteristics of perishability, temperature sensitivity, and cross-regional transportation, which makes their transportation and distribution technical requirements higher. Traditional mechanical refrigeration is prone to temperature fluctuation and high carbon emission during transportation. Therefore, PCMs has great application potential in the cold chain transportation of fruits and vegetables, and its application will help improve food safety and save energy. This paper analyzes the characteristics of fruit and vegetable cold chain logistics, and introduces the composition of the cold storage box, summarizes the application and research of phase change cold storage technology in cold chain transportation. A summary analysis including the refrigeration, temperature control, heat insulation, and energy-saving effects of PCMs, points out the research prospects of transportation equipment and problems that need to be solved, and provides a reference for building a more complete and efficient cold chain transportation system for fruits and vegetables in the future. 

Research progress of cold chain transport technology for storage fruits and vegetables

A timeline of the phase-change problem for latent thermal energy storage systems: A review of theoretical approaches from the 1970′s to 2022

Phase change is a phenomenon that has been extensively utilized in chemical engineering, energy, electronics, vehicle, and space exploration. From both the science and engineering perspectives, gaining a profound understanding of the intricacies of multiphase flow processes accompanied by heat and mass transfer due to phase change is of fundamental importance. Indeed, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been increasingly applied as an effective tool to give an in-depth and efficient analysis of the phase change processes, thereby enhancing our understanding and capacity to control and optimize the phase change effects in these processes. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive review of the utilization of CFD methodologies in the simulations of phase change flows across various applications, including temperature management, drying, separation and purification, and others. First, the CFD models at various scales that are developed to elucidate the phase change processes are summarized. Second, the noteworthy advances in the recent CFD simulation work on various phase change processes are presented, respectively. Finally, the challenges and potential prospects to facilitate the application of the phase change flow are discussed. The current review aims to offer insightful guidance for the CFD modeling of phase change processes in numerous engineering application scenarios. 

Recent Advances in CFD Simulations of Multiphase Flow Processes with Phase Change

As the global demand for food increases, the efficiency and environmental sustainability of refrigeration systems have become increasingly critical issues. Cascaded refrigeration systems (CRSs) are widely used in the Chinese food cold chain due to their capacity to meet a wide range of temperature requirements. However, energy consumption of these systems is always high. If phase change materials (PCMs) are combined with the refrigeration systems, the energy-saving effect is remarkable. The paper reviews the integration of PCMs within CRS, focusing on their potential to reduce energy consumption, thereby improving food safety and reducing reliance on conventional, electricity-intensive refrigeration methods. The study categorizes and explores the low-temperature applications of PCMs in CRS, providing novel insights into enhancing energy efficiency in food cold chain logistics. Despite most PCM research focusing on single-stage systems, this review innovates by introducing PCM integration in multistage cascade systems, which is particularly relevant for low-temperature requirements. The discussion encompasses the structure, working fluids, and applications of CRSs in the cold chain, emphasizing the role of PCMs in sustainable cold chain management. The review concludes by highlighting the need for further research on PCMs in CRS, especially regarding their economic viability and large-scale implementation potential. 

A Review of the Energy-Saving Potential of Phase Change Material-Based Cascaded Refrigeration Systems in Chinese Food Cold Chain Industry

Being thermosensitive, Vaccines need storage at specific temperatures of 2-8 °C, and Vaccine Cold chain Carriers are the most widely utilized instruments to carry out rural vaccination drives in Low-income hot climate countries. Several developed designs for the carrier have reported superior performance, but their actual penetration into rural community medicine is limited due to reasons of cost and utility. Thus, the scope for improvement in the design is significant and it is also pertinent to quantify the effect of design features on the performance. Taking shared features possessed by such superior designs, the work presents the impact of geometry, vertically stacked vaccine tray assembly and usage of Phase Change Materials(PCM), on the final passive cooler assembly. A fabricated New Design with given features is cross-compared and analysed with a Market(Original) Design of the same scale and storage capacity. Analysis performed takes a scientific inclination towards Engineering and Insulation aspects of the Vaccine Box. It uses Conjugate Heat Transfer model(CFD simulations), Geometry analysis, experimentally derived Insulation R-values and Temperature monitoring to accomplish this. Secondly, the work presents a systematic design approach to improve upon the conventional design, PCM selection is made using DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry) testing, and Material of Construction(MOC) selection is made using Ashby plots based on the results of the simulations. Overall the Fabricated New Design gives an improvement of ≈ 16 % in R-value and ≈ 17 % improvement in the retention time of the specific temperature range, over the conventional (Original) Design.

Enhancing the insulation capability of a vaccine carrier box: An engineering approach

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Enhancing the insulation capability of a vaccine carrier box: An engineering approach