Being thermosensitive, Vaccines need storage at specific temperatures of 2-8 °C, and Vaccine Cold chain Carriers are the most widely utilized instruments to carry out rural vaccination drives in Low-income hot climate countries. Several developed designs for the carrier have reported superior performance, but their actual penetration into rural community medicine is limited due to reasons of cost and utility. Thus, the scope for improvement in the design is significant and it is also pertinent to quantify the effect of design features on the performance. Taking shared features possessed by such superior designs, the work presents the impact of geometry, vertically stacked vaccine tray assembly and usage of Phase Change Materials(PCM), on the final passive cooler assembly. A fabricated New Design with given features is cross-compared and analysed with a Market(Original) Design of the same scale and storage capacity. Analysis performed takes a scientific inclination towards Engineering and Insulation aspects of the Vaccine Box. It uses Conjugate Heat Transfer model(CFD simulations), Geometry analysis, experimentally derived Insulation R-values and Temperature monitoring to accomplish this. Secondly, the work presents a systematic design approach to improve upon the conventional design, PCM selection is made using DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry) testing, and Material of Construction(MOC) selection is made using Ashby plots based on the results of the simulations. Overall the Fabricated New Design gives an improvement of ≈ 16 % in R-value and ≈ 17 % improvement in the retention time of the specific temperature range, over the conventional (Original) Design.

Enhancing the insulation capability of a vaccine carrier box: An engineering approach

We studied the co-assembly of an oppositely changed binary mixture of selenium-doped carbon quantum dots (Se-CQDs) and N,N-dimethyl octylamide-propyl tertiary amine (DOAPA) through turbidity, ζ potential measurement, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) with the aim of fabricating supramolecular assemblies with multiple dimensions and novel morphologies. The Se-CQD/DOAPA binary mixture exhibited abundant phase behavior, in which an isotropic phase (I1) was first observed, followed by turbidity (T), precipitation (P), and a second isotropic phase (I2), as the DOAPA concentration increased. Then we focused on investigating the morphologies of samples. In cryo-TEM observations, spherical aggregates were observed in all phase sequences, whereas the aggregates have different ζ potentials and sizes. In the I2 phase, interesting nanocapsule-like aggregates and spindle-like aggregates can be identified in addition to spherical aggregates. In combination with the rheological behaviors of the I2 phase solution and the detailed structure of the aggregates from enlarged cryo-TEM images, it is possible that the Se-CQDs and DOAPA co-assemble with novel network-like building blocks. The turbid solutions were found to be responsive to pH in phase P, and spherical aggregates were obtained at pH 6.5 but turned into vesicles when the pH reached 5.0. On the basis of these findings, CQDs and surfactants can be good structural building blocks for supramolecular structures, and the diverse morphologies of aggregates offer the prospect of multiple applications in the future.

Phase Behavior and Aggregate Transition Based on Co-assembly of Negatively Charged Carbon Dots and a pH-Responsive Tertiary Amine Cationic Surfactant.

The thermophysical, rheological, and tribological properties in lubricant are essential for preserving the engines, power steering systems, and engine components from damage caused by friction and wear. The incorporation of nano-sized particles into lubricating oils has been reported to enhance these properties. Therefore, this study explores the impacts resulting from the incorporation of graphene, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) at a quantity of 0.04 grams into the SAE 5W-30 base oil. These nanoparticles were synthesized using a two-step method, resulting in nanolubricants. The addition of carbon-based nanomaterials increases the density and decreases the viscosity of the base lubricant. The flow of nanolubricants exhibits non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior during the test at elevated temperatures. The results of the four-ball tribo-tester test reveal the increase of Coefficient of Friction (CoF) values and the extent of wear scar area. Further, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was employed to observe the wear morphology of the nanolubricants on the SKF RB-12.7/G20W ball bearing. Its results indicate a prevalence of groove-type wear as compared to conventional lubricants.

Tribology Characteristic of Ball Bearing SKF RB-12.7/G20W using SAE 5W-30 Lubricant with Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Addition

Characterization of the drag-reducing nature of long-chain polymer–water solutions through atomization

Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-polymer geosynthetic clay liners to aggressive solid waste leachates

Human health is one of the most important concerns for the governments around the world. Global organizations such as WHO (World Health Organization) and PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) have considerable interest in organizing vaccination programs and its cold chain delivery. The problem predominantly persists in Lower-middle income countries like India where due to inadequate infrastructure and lack of consistent Power supply, significant losses occur in the cold chain. Improvements are required to prevent the loss of costly and precious vaccines during the cold chain. India lacks a reliable power supply and the resulting power cuts interrupt the cold chain, leading to a loss of vaccine potency since they are not within the temperature range of 2–8 °C. This paper studies the current VCB (vaccine carrier box) and cold chain design through the aid of Computer modelling and simulations. Also a novel experimental setup to examine insulation R-value has been devised and studied. Based on this a new design approach is utilized to model a thermoelectric system and early designing is done through the aid of 3-D printing.Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Design and Analysis of an Efficient Vaccine Cold Chain Box

Addition of small concentrations of certain high molecular weight polymers to flowing fluids can drastically reduce the turbulent friction. The mechanism is caused by the interaction of the elongated polymer molecule chains and the solvent molecules. The elongated structure of polymer acts as an eddy stress absorber and in turns ensures overall drag reduction between fluid layers. This can also be stated as the development of viscoelastic nature in the subject fluid. The present study compares the effects of the addition of two polymers namely polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water, a Newtonian fluid. An experimental study using a viscometer is analyzed to showcase the viscoelastic nature developed by water on addition of polymers over a range of ppm concentrations. The results are in agreement with data reported in literature that viscoelastic nature is triggered on addition of these polymers.

/pdf/exploring-viscoelastic-characteristics-of-polymer-water-59g1xz1ht8.pdf

Exploring Viscoelastic Characteristics of Polymer-Water Solutions by Viscometric Analysis

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Design and Analysis of an Efficient Vaccine Cold Chain Box

Exploring Viscoelastic Characteristics of Polymer-Water Solutions by Viscometric Analysis

Characterization of the drag-reducing nature of long-chain polymer–water solutions through atomization