[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phag...

/pdf/the-nox-family-of-ros-generating-nadph-oxidases-physiology-zjc88zvh59.pdf

The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/194901/Stockwell_Cell_review+2017.pdf

Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease

Lipid peroxidation can be described generally as a process under which oxidants such as free radicals attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bond(s), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Over the last four decades, an extensive body of literature regarding lipid peroxidation has shown its important role in cell biology and human health. Since the early 1970s, the total published research articles on the topic of lipid peroxidation was 98 (1970–1974) and has been increasing at almost 135-fold, by up to 13165 in last 4 years (2010–2013). New discoveries about the involvement in cellular physiology and pathology, as well as the control of lipid peroxidation, continue to emerge every day. Given the enormity of this field, this review focuses on biochemical concepts of lipid peroxidation, production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of two main omega-6 fatty acids lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde (MDA) and, in particular, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), summarizing not only its physiological and protective function as signaling molecule stimulating gene expression and cell survival, but also its cytotoxic role inhibiting gene expression and promoting cell death. Finally, overviews of in vivo mammalian model systems used to study the lipid peroxidation process, and common pathological processes linked to MDA and 4-HNE are shown.

/pdf/lipid-peroxidation-production-metabolism-and-signaling-234bwmyps5.pdf

Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases.

Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health

Major causes of human death in developed countries are atherosclerosis(1) and carcinogenesis.(2) Atherosclerosis finally leads to a variety of diseases such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction. The essence of these pathologic processes is largely due to free radical reactions or oxidative stress due to our persistent use of oxygen in the presence of iron,(3–5) and the products can be literally rust in our body.(6) Heart may be replaced with transplantation from another person with brain death under his/her own permission, but it is currently impossible to transplant brain. Additionally, highly ethical issues, severe donor deficiency and immunological rejections are always present with transplantation.(7)

If brand-new cells and organs of any type to be replaced and of their own immunophenotype were freely available, all the people on earth would benefit from this novel technology. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be established from differentiated somatic cells by the forced induction of four transcription factors: Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc.(8) However, premature termination of reprogramming might lead to cancer development through altered epigenetic regulation.(9)

Recently, the concept of directly converting one type of somatic cell into another has attracted much attention.(10) However, one of the major drawbacks linked to the current strategies is that they are also based on ectopic expression of important developmental genes (transcription factors, etc.),(11) which might cause unexpected undesired effects. In the present issue of Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Dai et al.(12) for the first time describe a highly efficient chemical conversion of human fibroblasts to neuronal cells with defined six chemical compounds (Fig. 1). Their protocol used five inhibitors to block distinct signaling pathways including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (SMAD pathway), bone morphologic protein (BMP), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, MEK-ERK and p53, together with a cAMP stimulator. Moreover, the authors emphasize that this protocol shortens the time required for differentiation into neuronal cells to 3 weeks in comparison to the reported protocols(10,13) with ~90% efficiency.



Fig. 1

Chemical conversion of human fibroblasts into neuronal cells. Refer to text for details.



I believe that this is the dawn of regenerative neurology. In a few years or so, human clinical trials would be performed by the use of this technique. Target diseases would be neurodegenerative diseases(14) such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson diseases, motor neuron diseases such as amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and cerebral infarction/hemorrhage. Simultaneously, we always have to consider how we can load these new neuronal cells with long-time experience and memory of the recipient if necessary.

Chemical conversion of human fibroblasts into neuronal cells: dawn of future clinical trials.

Editorial: The cutting edge of zinc biology.

Increased lipid peroxide levels both in skin and serum have been reported after cutaneous thermal injury. However, it still remains unclear where lipid peroxides are produced at the site of burned skin. In the present study, a histochemical method using cold Schiff's reagent was applied in order to detect the localization of lipid peroxide.



Schiff positivity was detected in sebaceous glands, and the extent of positivity seemed to correlate with the serum lipid peroxide levels. These results may suggest that lipid peroxides produced in sebaceous glands after thermal injury enter the blood stream and are partially responsible for the elevated serum lipid peroxide levels.

Histochemical detection of burn-induced lipid peroxidation in sebaceous glands of rat skin.

Th e cu rren t s tu d y inv es tig ated th e p res en ce of o xid ativ e s tres s markers (8-OHd G an d HNE) in breast c arcinoma i n females from Saudi Arabia, and to examine t he g rowth modulatory effects of HNE ( in d u ce c e ll g ro wth inh ib itio n ) b y meas u rin g th e exp res s io n o f Ki-67 p ro tein (cell p ro liferatio n antigen). Furthermo re, to record if t here is any significant prognostic indicator o f t hese markers. In order t o es timate the level of o xidative damage in breas t c a ncer, 8-h ydroxy-2'-deoxyguanos ine (8- OHd G) an d 4-h y d ro xy -2-n o n en al (HNE) exp res s io n s were inv es tig ated in b reas t carcin o ma an d b en ig n lesions of breast, and were e stimated by semi-quantitative i mmunohistochemical method. The observations of t he present stu d y s h owed that the level of e xpressions of 8 -OHdG and HNE were significantly higher t han those in controls. Reduction of o xidative stress is thought to be a very important meas ure for primary prevention of breas t carcinoma. Ke y wor ds : Reactive oxy g e n s p e c ie s , oxidative s tres s , b reas t cancer, 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, HNE, immunohistochemistry.

The Potential Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mammary Neoplasm

It is intended to provide a method of selectively collecting a DNA fragment in a region damaged by oxidative stress from a DNA-containing sample characterized by comprising extracting DNA from the sample, fragmenting the DNA, incubating with a primary antibody specific to a modified nucleoside having been modified by the damage or a polynucleotide containing the modified nucleoside as described above, collecting a complex thus precipitated, and then collecting a damaged DNA fragment from the complex.

Method of collecting damaged dna fragment

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