Two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) nanosheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide detection

Copyright © 2020 Phcog.Net. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. ABSTRACT Since ancient times, medicinal plants performing a very essential role as a source of medicine and their medicinal properties have been well documented in the various traditional systems of medicine including Indian, Chinese and Korean medicines for the management of chronic inflammatory disorders. Arthritis is one of the harmful chronic inflammatory diseases and its pain vastly affects millions of people throughout the world. The inflammatory process of arthritis can stride very promptly causing swelling and destroying bone or cartilage cross the joints by various inflammatory mediators. Presently most commonly prescribed medication for the management of inflammation or arthritic pain is the NSAIDs, DMARDs and corticosteroids. Their prolonged use may cause a high spectrum of toxic effects. Hence, there is a demanding need to develop alternative therapeutic agents with minimum toxic effects. The Eastern Himalayan region is richly furnished with multifarious medicinal plants with potent anti-inflammatory and/ or anti-arthritic properties that have been traditionally used by the local people. Few studies have been convened in Himalayan medicinal plants to validate their medicinal values. Thus, from the knowledge of traditional medicine and research on plant materials, one might be able to discover newer and cost-effective drugs for treating diverse forms of inflammation. This review highlights the medicinal plants from the Eastern Himalayan region which showed promising therapeutic activity against inflammatory diseases as well as novel formulation approaches of these medicinal plants.

Medicinal Plants with Potent Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Properties found in Eastern Parts of the Himalaya: An Ethnomedicinal Review

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz has been used as plant-based food and herbal medicine in many Asian countries. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of O. indicum extract (O. indicum) in RAW264.7 cells activated by LPS plus IFN-γ. The phytochemical compounds in O. indicum were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Five flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, baicalein, oroxylin A, and quercetin) and 27 volatile compounds were found in O. indicum. O. indicum presented antioxidant activities, including reducing ability by FRAP assay and free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay. Moreover, O. indicum also suppressed LPS plus IFN-γ-activated reactive oxygen species generation in RAW264.7 macrophages. It possessed the potent anti-inflammatory action through suppressing nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 secretion, possibly due to its ability to scavenge intracellular ROS. The synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectroscopy results showed the alteration of signal intensity and integrated areas relating to lipid and protein of the activated RAW264.7 macrophages compared to unactivated cells. This is the first report of an application of the SR-FTIR technique to evaluate biomolecular changes in activated RAW264.7 cells. Our results indicate that O. indicum may be used as a potential source of nutraceutical for the development of health food supplement or a novel anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.

/pdf/intracellular-ros-scavenging-and-anti-inflammatory-3o2pk811o5.pdf

Intracellular ROS Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L.) Extract in LPS plus IFN-γ-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages.

MXenes have emerged as a unique and fast-expanding family of two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials containing early transition metal carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides. They have excellent physical, electrochemical, mechanical and catalytic properties and hence, have been exploited in a wide range of applications such as nanoelectronics, gas separation, photo/electrocatalysis, energy generation and storage, dye adsorption including electrochemical (bio)sensors. Owing to the superior physicochemical characteristics like excellent electrical conductivity, environmental friendliness, large surface area, good hydrophilicity and ease of functionalization, MXenes have advanced as promising materials for the construction of electrochemical sensors/biosensors. This review mainly focuses on MXenes-based electrochemical (bio)sensors towards the effectual detection of environmentally as well as biologically important analytes, which include nitro and phenolic compounds, metal ions, inorganic anions, antipyretics, biomolecules, neurotransmitters and small molecules. Moreover, it elaborates on the various synthetic methodologies and design and engineering strategies adopted to evolve and exploit the distinctive properties of MXenes in electrochemical sensing. A special emphasis has been devoted to developing diverse MXenes in order to fabricate innovative electrochemical (bio)sensors to detect various significant analytes. In a nutshell, this review provides a detailed insight of the design and engineering of 2D MXenes for point-of-care electrochemical detection of bioactive analytes and environmental pollutants. It also critically evaluates the recent progressions in various MXene based electrochemical (bio)sensors outlining the diverse analytical techniques, employed towards the detection of the aforementioned analytes. 

Design and engineering of 2D MXenes for point-of-care electrochemical detection of bioactive analytes and environmental pollutants

Cancer arising in the oral cavity is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide and demands immediate attention. Regardless of the use of advanced treatment for oral cancer, successful treatment resulting in cancer survival is low. Currently available drugs are ineffective and are toxic. Therefore, successful treatment without toxic effects remains essential. This is quite challenging, leading to the identification of natural bioactive compounds for oral cancer treatment. Thus, a plant extract rich in phenolics is preferred for studying the cellular, biochemical and molecular changes associated with oral carcinogenesis.The present study aims to deal with the above need using Acacia nilotica (L.) leaf extract (AN) and ethyl gallate (EG), a phenolic compound present in AN against oral carcinogenesis. Extension of a tumor cell line to a mouse model was investigated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) as carcinogen, a surrogate for tobacco. The progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was achieved through hyperplasia and dysplasia after 4-NQO induction in Swiss albino mice. Administration of AN and EG to animals undergoing dysplasia led to the inhibition of SCC, thereby reducing the tumor burden. The antioxidant capacity of AN and EG was also brought out via biochemical analysis. Further investigation of biomarkers in tongue tissues revealed the involvement of apoptosis in vivo Moreover, no adverse or toxic effect was observed earlier in rats upon oral administration of AN and EG. Thus, AN and EG shows strong hope as drugs against oral cancer progression.

Evaluation of ethyl gallate for its antioxidant and anticancer properties against chemical-induced tongue carcinogenesis in mice.

4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) is a mutagen known to be responsible for causing cancer by generating oxidative stress in humans. Oroxylum indicum (L.) possesses various bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. In this connection, the present study aims to analyze the alleviation of 4-NQO induced oxidative stress in albino Wistar rats using O. indicum (L.) leaf extract. O. indicum (L.) belonging to the family Bignoniaceae, has anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we observed severe oxidative stress in 4-NQO induced albino Wistar rats when compared to untreated control. Alleviation of this condition was seen after the oral administration of O. indicum (L.) leaf extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. 4-NQO (50 ppm) administration in drinking water resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cellular damage, lipid peroxidation and imbalance in antioxidant status. Administration of O. indicum (L.) leaf extract has alleviated the level of 4-NQO induced oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant status and decreasing the elevation of liver markers in serum. Results clearly suggest that O. indicum (L.) leaf extract when administered orally in a dose dependent manner has the ability to overcome the oxidative stress induced by 4-NQO with hepatoprotective and lipid protective properties.

/pdf/alleviation-of-4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced-oxidative-456ebplb18.pdf

Alleviation of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oxidative stress by Oroxylum indicum (L.) leaf extract in albino Wistar rats.

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Alleviation of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oxidative stress by Oroxylum indicum (L.) leaf extract in albino Wistar rats.