Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are an emerging photovoltaic technology with the potential to disrupt the mature silicon solar cell market. Great improvements in device performance over the past few years, thanks to the development of fabrication protocols1-3, chemical compositions4,5 and phase stabilization methods6-10, have made PSCs one of the most efficient and low-cost solution-processable photovoltaic technologies. However, the light-harvesting performance of these devices is still limited by excessive charge carrier recombination. Despite much effort, the performance of the best-performing PSCs is capped by relatively low fill factors and high open-circuit voltage deficits (the radiative open-circuit voltage limit minus the high open-circuit voltage)11. Improvements in charge carrier management, which is closely tied to the fill factor and the open-circuit voltage, thus provide a path towards increasing the device performance of PSCs, and reaching their theoretical efficiency limit12. Here we report a holistic approach to improving the performance of PSCs through enhanced charge carrier management. First, we develop an electron transport layer with an ideal film coverage, thickness and composition by tuning the chemical bath deposition of tin dioxide (SnO2). Second, we decouple the passivation strategy between the bulk and the interface, leading to improved properties, while minimizing the bandgap penalty. In forward bias, our devices exhibit an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency of up to 17.2 per cent and an electroluminescence energy conversion efficiency of up to 21.6 per cent. As solar cells, they achieve a certified power conversion efficiency of 25.2 per cent, corresponding to 80.5 per cent of the thermodynamic limit of its bandgap.

Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology, where the evolution of the electron-selective layers (ESLs), an integral part of any PV device, has played a distinctive role to their progress. To date, the mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2 )/compact TiO2 stack has been among the most used ESLs in state-of-the-art PSCs. However, this material requires high-temperature sintering and may induce hysteresis under operational conditions, raising concerns about its use toward commercialization. Recently, tin oxide (SnO2 ) has emerged as an attractive alternative ESL, thanks to its wide bandgap, high optical transmission, high carrier mobility, suitable band alignment with perovskites, and decent chemical stability. Additionally, its low-temperature processability enables compatibility with temperature-sensitive substrates, and thus flexible devices and tandem solar cells. Here, the notable developments of SnO2 as a perovskite-relevant ESL are reviewed with emphasis placed on the various fabrication methods and interfacial passivation routes toward champion solar cells with high stability. Further, a techno-economic analysis of SnO2 materials for large-scale deployment, together with a processing-toxicology assessment, is presented. Finally, a perspective on how SnO2 materials can be instrumental in successful large-scale module and perovskite-based tandem solar cell manufacturing is provided.

Tin Oxide Electron‐Selective Layers for Efficient, Stable, and Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin oxide has made a major breakthrough in high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as an efficient electron transport layer by the low‐temperature chemical bath deposition method. However, tin oxide often contains pernicious defects, resulting in unsatisfactory performance. Herein, we develop high‐quality tin oxide films via a nitrogen‐doping strategy for high‐efficiency and stable planar PSCs. The aligned energy level at the interface of doped SnO2/perovskite, more excellent charge extraction and reduced nonradiative recombination contribute to the enhanced efficiency and stability. Correspondingly, the power conversion efficiency of the devices based on N‐SnO2 film increases to 23.41% from 20.55% of the devices based on the pristine SnO2. The N‐SnO2 devices show an outstanding stability retaining 97.8% of the initial efficiency after steady‐state output at a maximum power point for 600 s under standard AM1.5G continuous illumination without encapsulation, while less than 50% efficiency remains for the devices based on pristine SnO2. This simple scalable strategy has shown great promise toward highly efficient and stable PSCs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/idm2.12022

Nitrogen‐doped tin oxide electron transport layer for stable perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 23%

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/inf2.12059

Chlorine‐modified SnO2 electron transport layer for high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells

Low work-function metal oxides have been widely used as electron transport layer (ETL) in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the ubiquitous contact barrier and intrinsic surface defects of such ETLs...

Efficient Interface Modification via Multi-Site Coordination for Improved Efficiency and Stability in Organic Solar Cells

In this Letter, we introduce a new paradigm for achieving robust asymmetric generation of acoustic vortex field through dual-layer metasurfaces by controlling their intrinsic topologic charges and the parity of geometry design. The underlying physics is contributed to the one-way process of orbital angular momentum (OAM) transition ensured by the broken spatial symmetry and the external topologic charge from the vortex diffraction. We further experimentally demonstrate this novel phenomenon. Our findings could provide new routes to manipulate the asymmetric response of vortex fields, including one-way excitation and propagation, and promise potential applications in passive OAM-based diodes.

Asymmetric Generation of Acoustic Vortex Using Dual-Layer Metasurfaces.

Tin oxide (SnO2) is widely used as electron transport layer (ETL) material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Numerous synthesis methods for SnO2 have been reported, but they all require a proper thermal treatment for the SnO2 ETLs. Herein we present a simple method to synthesize SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature. By using butyl acetate as a precipitator and a proper UV–Ozone treatment to remove Cl residuals, excellent SnO2 ETLs were obtained without any thermal annealing. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the prepared PSCs was 19.22% for reverse scan (RS) and 18.79% for forward scan (FS). Furthermore, flexible PSCs were fabricated with high PCEs of 15.27%/14.74% (RS/FS). The low energy consuming SnO2 ETLs therefore show great promise for the flexible PSCs' commercialization.

/pdf/room-temperature-synthesized-sno2-electron-transport-layers-2pvjko6kvv.pdf

Room-temperature synthesized SnO2 electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells

超材料指具有超越天然材料性能的人工材料，因其独特的物理性质及广泛的应用领域受到人们的关注。固体中的弹性波被广泛应用于无损检测、无线通讯、无源传感等领域，具有重要的应用价值。不同于流体声波，固体中的弹性波由于存在纵波与横波的耦合及模式转换，更难进行精确操纵，这就给超材料的应用提供了很好的舞台。本文以弹性波中极具代表性的板波作为焦点，较为系统地回顾了板波超材料的发展历史、主要研究进展及其在未来信息功能器件发展方向的潜力。 

弹性板波超材料研究进展

Advances in active tuning of elastic wave band gaps in metamaterial structures

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Asymmetric Generation of Acoustic Vortex Using Dual-Layer Metasurfaces.

Room-temperature synthesized SnO2 electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells

弹性板波超材料研究进展

Advances in active tuning of elastic wave band gaps in metamaterial structures