Developing thermoelectric materials with superior performance means tailoring interrelated thermoelectric physical parameters – electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients, and thermal conductivities – for a crystalline system. High electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity, and a high Seebeck coefficient are desirable for thermoelectric materials. Therefore, knowledge of the relation between electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity is essential to improve thermoelectric properties. In general, research in recent years has focused on developing thermoelectric structures and materials of high efficiency. The importance of this parameter is universally recognized; it is an established, ubiquitous, routinely used tool for material, device, equipment and process characterization both in the thermoelectric industry and in research. In this paper, basic knowledge of thermoelectric materials and an overview of parameters that affect the figure of merit ZT are provided. The prospects for the optimization of thermoelectric materials and their applications are also discussed.

A review on thermoelectric renewable energy: Principle parameters that affect their performance

Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming. In order to reduce their consequences, scientists are concentrating on improving power generators focused on energy harvesting. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have demonstrated their capacity to transform thermal energy directly into electric power through the Seebeck effect. Due to the unique advantages they present, thermoelectric systems have emerged during the last decade as a promising alternative among other technologies for green power production. In this regard, thermoelectric device output prediction is important both for determining the future use of this new technology and for specifying the key design parameters of thermoelectric generators and systems. Moreover, TEGs are environmentally safe, work quietly as they do not include mechanical mechanisms or rotating elements and can be manufactured on a broad variety of substrates such as silicon, polymers and ceramics. In addition, TEGs are position-independent, have a long working life and are ideal for bulk and compact applications. Furthermore, Thermoelectric generators have been found as a viable solution for direct generation of electricity from waste heat in industrial processes. This paper presents in-depth analysis of TEGs, beginning with a comprehensive overview of their working principles such as the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, the Thomson effect and Joule heating with their applications, materials used, Figure of Merit, improvement techniques including different thermoelectric material arrangements and technologies used and substrate types. Moreover, performance simulation examples such as COMSOL Multiphysics and ANSYS-Computational Fluid Dynamics are investigated.

/pdf/thermoelectric-generator-teg-technologies-and-applications-2q77gupbhn.pdf

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) technologies and applications

A thermoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon consisting of the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy (Seebeck effect) or inversely from electrical current into heat (Peltier effect) without moving mechanical parts. The low efficiency of thermoelectric devices has limited their applications to certain areas, such as refrigeration, heat recovery, power generation and renewable energy. However, for specific applications like space probes, laboratory equipment and medical applications, where cost and efficiency are not as important as availability, reliability and predictability, thermoelectricity offers noteworthy potential. The challenge of making thermoelectricity a future leader in waste heat recovery and renewable energy is intensified by the integration of nanotechnology. In this review, state-of-the-art thermoelectric generators, applications and recent progress are reported. Fundamental knowledge of the thermoelectric effect, basic laws, and parameters affecting the efficiency of conventional and new thermoelectric materials are discussed. The applications of thermoelectricity are grouped into three main domains. The first group deals with the use of heat emitted from a radioisotope to supply electricity to various devices. In this group, space exploration was the only application for which thermoelectricity was successful. In the second group, a natural heat source could prove useful for producing electricity, but as thermoelectricity is still at an initial phase because of low conversion efficiency, applications are still at laboratory level. The third group is progressing at a high speed, mainly because the investigations are funded by governments and/or car manufacturers, with the final aim of reducing vehicle fuel consumption and ultimately mitigating the effect of greenhouse gas emissions.

/pdf/a-review-on-thermoelectric-generators-progress-and-4home49fqp.pdf

A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications

Magnetic properties of NiO (nickel oxide) nanoparticles: Blocking temperature and Neel temperature

Pure and 0.18–13.2 at.% Fe-doped NiO nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and their gas sensing characteristics and microstructural evolution were investigated. The responses ((Rg − Ra)/Ra, where Rg is the resistance in gas and Ra is the resistance in air) to 5 ppm C2H5OH, toluene, benzene, p-xylene, HCHO, CO, H2, and NH3 at 350–500 ° C were significantly enhanced by Fe doping of the NiO nanofibers, while the responses of pure NiO nanofibers to all the analyte gases were very low ((Rg − Ra)/Ra = 0.07–0.78). In particular, the response to 100 ppm C2H5OH was enhanced up to 217.86 times by doping of NiO nanofibers with 3.04 at.% Fe. The variation in the gas response was closely dependent upon changes in the base resistance of the sensors in air. The enhanced gas response of Fe-doped NiO nanofibers was explained in relation to electronic sensitization, that is, the increase in the chemoresistive variation due to the decrease in the hole concentration induced by Fe doping.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/24/44/444005/pdf

Electronic sensitization of the response to C2H5OH of p-type NiO nanofibers by Fe doping

Synthesis of Fe-doped NiO nanofibers using electrospinning method and their ferromagnetic properties

Synthesis and thermoelectric performance of Li-doped NiO ceramics

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Synthesis of Fe-doped NiO nanofibers using electrospinning method and their ferromagnetic properties

Synthesis and thermoelectric performance of Li-doped NiO ceramics