https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(12)00173-2.pdf

Plant science: the key to preventing slow cadmium poisoning

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are toxic elements that are almost ubiquitously present at low levels in the environment because of anthropogenic influences. Dietary intake of plant-derived food represents a major fraction of potentially health-threatening human exposure, especially to arsenic and cadmium. In the interest of better food safety, it is important to reduce toxic element accumulation in crops. A molecular understanding of the pathways responsible for this accumulation can enable the development of crop varieties with strongly reduced concentrations of toxic elements in their edible parts. Such understanding is rapidly progressing for arsenic and cadmium but is in its infancy for lead and mercury. Basic discoveries have been made in Arabidopsis, rice, and other models, and most advances in crops have been made in rice. Proteins mediating the uptake of arsenic and cadmium have been identified, and the speciation and biotransformations of arsenic are now understood. Factors controlling the efficiency of root-to-shoot translocation and the partitioning of toxic elements through the rice node have also been identified.

Toxic Heavy Metal and Metalloid Accumulation in Crop Plants and Foods

Cadmium minimization in wheat: A critical review

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates seed dormancy and germination Seeds undergo changes in both ABA content and sensitivity during seed development and germination in response to internal and external cues Recent advances in functional genomics have revealed the integral components involved in ABA metabolism (biosynthesis and catabolism) and perception, the core signalling pathway, as well as the factors that trigger ABA-mediated transcription These allow for comparative studies to be conducted on seeds under different environmental conditions and from different genetic backgrounds This review summarizes our understanding of the control of ABA content and the responsiveness of seeds to afterripening, light, high temperature and nitrate, with a focus on which tissues are involved in its metabolism and signalling Also described are the regulators of ABA metabolism and signalling, which potentially act as the node for hormone crosstalk Integration of such knowledge into the complex and diverse events occurring during seed germination will be the next challenge, which will allow for a clearer understanding of the role of ABA

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0960258510000012

Abscisic acid and the control of seed dormancy and germination

Brassinosteroid: a biotechnological target for enhancing crop yield and stress tolerance

To investigate whether the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) content was related to germinability during grain development, two cDNAs for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (HvNCED1 and HvNCED2) and one cDNA for ABA 89-hydroxylase (HvCYP707A1), which are enzymes thought to catalyse key regulatory steps in ABA biosynthesis and catabolism, respectively, were cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Expression and ABA-quantification analysis in embryo revealed that HvNCED2 is responsible for a significant increase in ABA levels during the early to middle stages of grain development, and HvCYP707A1 is responsible for a rapid decrease in ABA level thereafter. The change in the embryonic ABA content of imbibing grains following dormancy release is likely to reflect changes in the expression patterns of HvNCED sa ndHvCYP707A1. A major change between dormant and afterripened grains occurred in HvCYP707A1; the increased expression of HvCYP707A1 in response to imbibition, followed by a rapid ABA decrease and a high germination percentage, was observed in the after-ripened grains, but not in the dormant grains. Under field conditions, HvNCED2 showed the same expression level and pattern during grain development in 2002, 2003, and 2004, indicating that HvNCED2 expression is regulated in a growth-dependent manner in the grains. By contrast, HvNCED1 and HvCYP707A1 showed a different expression pattern in each year, indicating that the expression of these genes is affected by environmental conditions during grain development. The varied expression levels of these genes during grain development and imbibition, which would have effects on the activity of ABA biosynthesis and catabolism, might be reflected, in part, in the germinability in field-grown barley.

Field studies on the regulation of abscisic acid content and germinability during grain development of barley: molecular and chemical analysis of pre-harvest sprouting

The contamination of cadmium (Cd) into the food chain can be harmful because Cd causes chronic health problems. To evaluate the breeding potential reducing the Cd concentration in wheat grain, we c...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1626/pps.11.243

Cadmium Concentration in Grains of Japanese Wheat Cultivars : Genotypic Difference and Relationship with Agronomic Characteristics

Barley grains are rich in β-glucan, reducing the risk of metabolic syndromes. Grains of cultivar “Beau Fiber” were step-wisely roasted and pulverized to obtain barley flour with high β-glucan and improved odor. The starch, β-glucan, physicochemical properties, and 26 volatile compounds in each flour sample (Raw and Roasts 1–4) were compared. With the roasting degree, flour particle size decreased, damaged starch increased, and β-glucan molecular weight decreased gradually. Conversely, there were slight decreases in total starch and β-glucan contents. Water absorption of the roasted flours increased and decreased before and after heating at 90 °C, respectively, with the roasting degree. The viscosities of slurries after gelatinization, as well as the temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization, decreased with roasting degree. The odor of barley flours was improved after roasting, and was accompanied by decreasing hexanal and nonanal concentrations, and increasing furfural, pyrazine, and pyrrole concentrations. 

Changes in starch, β-glucan, physicochemical properties, and flavor compounds in barley flour by roasting

A sensitive method to examine the brassinolide (BL) response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using dark-grown leaf segments was established based on the known method for wheat. BL responses of 53 dwarf isogenic lines of barley were examined, and two lines were found having a uzu gene that doesn't respond significantly. These results indicate that uzu dwarfism may be caused by the non-responding character to BL.

Uzu Mutation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Reduces the Leaf Unrolling Response to Brassinolide

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Field studies on the regulation of abscisic acid content and germinability during grain development of barley: molecular and chemical analysis of pre-harvest sprouting

Cadmium Concentration in Grains of Japanese Wheat Cultivars : Genotypic Difference and Relationship with Agronomic Characteristics

Changes in starch, β-glucan, physicochemical properties, and flavor compounds in barley flour by roasting

Uzu Mutation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Reduces the Leaf Unrolling Response to Brassinolide