Cold regions, including high-latitude and high-altitude landscapes, are experiencing profound environmental changes driven by global warming. With the advance of earth observation technology, remote sensing has become increasingly important for detecting, monitoring, and understanding environmental changes over vast and remote regions. This paper provides an overview of recent achievements, challenges, and opportunities for land remote sensing of cold regions by (a) summarizing the physical principles and methods in remote sensing of selected key variables related to ice, snow, permafrost, water bodies, and vegetation; (b) highlighting recent environmental nonstationarity occurring in the Arctic, Tibetan Plateau, and Antarctica as detected from satellite observations; (c) discussing the limits of available remote sensing data and approaches for regional monitoring; and (d) exploring new opportunities from next-generation satellite missions and emerging methods for accurate, timely, and multi-scale mapping of cold regions.

Remote Sensing of Environmental Changes in Cold Regions: Methods, Achievements and Challenges

A land process model [the coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE)] is used to quantitatively assess changes in the ice phenology, thickness, and volume of terrestrial Arctic rivers from 1979 to 2009. The CHANGE model was coupled with a river routing and discharge model enabling explicit representation of river ice and water temperature dynamics. Model-simulated river ice phenological dates and thickness were generally consistent with in situ river ice data and landscape freeze–thaw (FT) satellite observations. Climate data indicated an increasing trend in winter surface air temperature (SAT) over the pan-Arctic during the study period. Nevertheless, the river ice thickness simulations exhibited a thickening regional trend independent of SAT warming, and associated with less insulation and cooling of underlying river ice by thinning snow cover. Deeper snow depth (SND) combined with SAT warming decreased simulated ice thickness, especially for Siberian rivers, where ice thickness is m...

/pdf/quantification-of-warming-climate-induced-changes-in-5eauy6xknc.pdf

Quantification of Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Terrestrial Arctic River Ice Thickness and Phenology

Spatial and temporal patterns in Arctic river ice breakup revealed by automated ice detection from MODIS imagery

We analysed the long-term trend and interannual variability in summer (JJA) precipitation over eastern Siberia (90°–140°E, 50°–70°N) for the period 1979–2007. An increasing trend in summer precipitation was observed over large areas (Yenisei and Lena river basins) of eastern Siberia. Summer mean 850-hPa geopotential height decreased from Siberia to the marginal seas north of Siberia, with the largest decreases occurring over the northern part of eastern Siberia, while increasing trends were found around Mongolia, inducing a significant increase in westerly moisture flux and its convergence over eastern Siberia. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of detrended summer precipitation revealed the leading modes of the interannual variability. The first leading mode (EOF1) represents interannual variation around the central Siberian Plateau and the middle reaches of the Lena river basin, related to the enhancement of a low-level cyclonic circulation centred on 65°N, 100°E around eastern Siberia. The circulation pattern of EOF1 closely matches the trend pattern over Siberia, indicating that a deeper quasi-stationary trough appears with increasing frequency in recent decades. The second leading mode (EOF2) shows a dipole pattern between the middle reaches of the Lena river basin and the western part of the Central Siberian Plateau. Wet summers in the Lena river basin are related to a stationary trough centred at around 60°N, 130°E. These leading patterns are related to the change in position of the stationary trough and the ridge of the wave train structure along the Arctic polar jet across the northern Eurasian continent.

Trend and interannual variation in summer precipitation in eastern Siberia in recent decades

Identifying historic river ice breakup timing using MODIS and Google Earth Engine in support of operational flood monitoring in Northern Ontario

A warmer-than-normal air temperature enhances the probability of extreme hydrologic events. A spring breakup flood is among the most serious hydrologic events in high-latitude regions. This study examined the use of Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) to monitor the spatial and temporal extent of spring breakup floods in the Lena River, Siberia. Although the 30 m spatial resolution of Landsat produced a detailed mapping of the floodplain, acquisition of Landsat images at short-term intervals was difficult because of the long revisit time of Landsat (16 days) and the frequent cloud cover over Siberia. However, information from two sensors (i.e. TM and ETM+) was combined to essentially halve the revisit time. Moreover, frequent Landsat images were acquired at higher latitudes by using information from overlap areas between neighbouring path images. Therefore, the average revisit time was determined to be 2.6 (= 16/3/2) days in the triple overlap area using two sensors. Updated da...

Use of Landsat TM/ETM+ to monitor the spatial and temporal extent of spring breakup floods in the Lena River, Siberia

Global warming is likely to transform Siberian environments. Recent eco-hydrological evidence indicates that water and carbon cycles have been changing rapidly, with potentially serious effects on the Siberian flora and fauna. We have comprehensively analysed dendrochronological, hydrological, and meteorological data and satellite remote sensing data to track changes in vegetation and the water and carbon cycles in the Lena River Basin, eastern Siberia. The basin is largely covered with larch forest and receives little precipitation. However, from 2005 to 2008 the central part of the basin experienced an extraordinarily high level of precipitation in late summer and winter. This resulted in the degradation of permafrost, forest, and hydrological elements in the region. Dendrochronological data implied that this event was the only incidence of such conditions in the previous 150 years. Based on data collected before and after the event, we developed a permafrost-ecosystem model, including surface soil freeze-thawing processes, to better represent the heat, water, and carbon fluxes in the region. We focused on the surface soil layer, in which an increased thawing depth is now apparent, surface soil moisture, and net primary production. An analysis of observed and model-simulated data indicated that the annual maximum thawing depth (AMTD) had increased gradually on a decadal scale and deepened abruptly after 2005. Climatological analyses of atmospheric water circulation over the region indicated that the recent increases in precipitation over the central Lena River Basin were partly related to cyclone activity. Consequently, the increased precipitation from late-summer to winter resulted in increases in soil moisture, soil temperature, and AMTD in the region.

Changes in eco-hydrological systems under recent climate change in eastern Siberia

/pdf/long-term-runoff-analysis-of-the-lena-river-basin-using-a-58ypzthsga.pdf

Long term runoff analysis of the Lena River basin using a distributed hydrological model.

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Use of Landsat TM/ETM+ to monitor the spatial and temporal extent of spring breakup floods in the Lena River, Siberia

Changes in eco-hydrological systems under recent climate change in eastern Siberia

Long term runoff analysis of the Lena River basin using a distributed hydrological model.