Quantum plasmonics is a rapidly growing field of research that involves the study of the quantum properties of light and its interaction with matter at the nanoscale Here, surface plasmons - electromagnetic excitations coupled to electron charge density waves on metal-dielectric interfaces or localized on metallic nanostructures - enable the confinement of light to scales far below that of conventional optics In this article we review recent progress in the experimental and theoretical investigation of the quantum properties of surface plasmons, their role in controlling light-matter interactions at the quantum level and potential applications Quantum plasmonics opens up a new frontier in the study of the fundamental physics of surface plasmons and the realization of quantum-controlled devices, including single-photon sources, transistors and ultra-compact circuitry at the nanoscale

Quantum Plasmonics

To move beyond dedicated links and networks, quantum communications signals must be integrated into networks carrying classical optical channels at power levels many orders of magnitude higher than the quantum signals themselves. We demonstrate the transmission of a 1550 nm quantum channel with up to two simultaneous 200 GHz spaced classical telecom channels, using reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer (ROADM) technology for multiplexing and routing quantum and classical signals. The quantum channel is used to perform quantum key distribution (QKD) in the presence of noise generated as a by-product of the co-propagation of classical channels. We demonstrate that the dominant noise mechanism can arise from either four-wave mixing or spontaneous Raman scattering, depending on the optical path characteristics as well as the classical channel parameters. We quantify these impairments and discuss mitigation strategies.

/pdf/dense-wavelength-multiplexing-of-1550-nm-qkd-with-strong-1l6t2ye0tq.pdf

Dense wavelength multiplexing of 1550 nm QKD with strong classical channels in reconfigurable networking environments

Quantum interference between two indistinguishable surface plasmons is demonstrated in a nanoscale plasmonic circuit.

Quantum interference in plasmonic circuits

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic excitations recently found to enable ultracompact quantum circuitry. For the first time, two indistinguishable SPPs are produced and made to interfere, demonstrating conclusively that they behave as bosons and opening up new opportunities for controlling quantum states.

Observation of Quantum Interference in the Plasmonic Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect

We report direct evidence of the bosonic nature of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a scattering-based beamsplitter. A parametric down-conversion source is used to produce two indistinguishable photons, each of which is converted into a SPP on a metal-stripe waveguide and then made to interact through a semi-transparent Bragg mirror. In this plasmonic analog of the Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment, we measure a coincidence dip with a visibility of 72%, a key signature that SPPs are bosons and that quantum interference is clearly involved.

Observation of quantum interference in the plasmonic Hong-Ou-Mandel effect

http://cds.cern.ch/record/887318/files/0509186.pdf

On the distribution of 1550-nm photon pairs efficiently generated using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide

We have investigated the possibility of a multimode fiber link for a quantum channel. Transmission of light in an extremely underfilled mode distribution promises a single-mode-like behavior in the multimode fiber. To demonstrate the performance of the fiber link we performed quantum key distribution, on the basis of the BB84 four-state protocol, over 550 m of an installed multimode optical fiber local area network, and the quantum-bit-error rate of 1.09 percent was achieved.

Quantum key distribution over an installed multimode optical fiber local area network.

Transmission of light in an under-filled mode distribution promises a single-mode like behavior in the multi-mode fiber. We performed the quantum key distribution over a 550-m installed multi-mode fiber with quantum-bit-error rate of 1.09%.

Quantum key distribution over an installed multimode optical fiber local area network

The high peak intensity achieved with ultrashort pump pulses drastically increases the conversion efficiency in spontaneous parametric down-conversion. However, when ultrashort pulses are used, dispersion limits the degree of squeezing. Here, we investigate the effects of dispersion on both quadrature squeezing and photon statistics by varying the interaction length when pumping a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal with femtosecond pulses. The down-converted light in the 1550 nm telecom band attains its maximum observed squeezing level of 3.1 dB for the shortest interaction length. Our photon-statistics measurements agree with the photon-pair distribution going from thermal to Poissonian as the interaction length is increased. This is explained by considering the dispersion-induced distinguishability of the generated photon pairs.

Effects of dispersion on squeezing and photon statistics of down-converted light

We report on single-photon generation at an optical telecommunication wavelength using nondegenerate photon pairs generated by a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide and a conventional single-photon detector. The probability that a single photon was present was 0.16, and the second-order correlation function was 0.19. In addition, the photon statistics of the photon source were studied.

Single-Photon Source for Telecommunication Wavelengths Using Nondegenerate Photon Pairs from a Periodically Poled LiNbO3 Waveguide

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