Flexible solid-state supercapacitors (FSSCs) are frontrunners in energy storage device technology and have attracted extensive attention owing to recent significant breakthroughs in modern wearable electronics In this study, we review the state-of-the-art advancements in FSSCs to provide new insights on mechanisms, emerging electrode materials, flexible gel electrolytes and novel cell designs The review begins with a brief introduction on the fundamental understanding of charge storage mechanisms based on the structural properties of electrode materials The next sections briefly summarise the latest progress in flexible electrodes (ie, freestanding and substrate-supported, including textile, paper, metal foil/wire and polymer-based substrates) and flexible gel electrolytes (ie, aqueous, organic, ionic liquids and redox-active gels) Subsequently, a comprehensive summary of FSSC cell designs introduces some emerging electrode materials, including MXenes, metal nitrides, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), polyoxometalates (POMs) and black phosphorus Some potential practical applications, such as the development of piezoelectric, photo-, shape-memory, self-healing, electrochromic and integrated sensor-supercapacitors are also discussed The final section highlights current challenges and future perspectives on research in this thriving field

Towards flexible solid-state supercapacitors for smart and wearable electronics

Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials

Over the past decade, electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices have greatly improved, as a wide variety of advanced electrode active materials and new device architectures have been developed. These new materials and devices should be evaluated against clear and rigorous metrics, primarily based on the evidence of real performances. A series of criteria are commonly used to characterize and report performance of EES systems in the literature. However, as advanced EES systems are becoming more and more sophisticated, the methodologies to reliably evaluate the performance of the electrode active materials and EES devices need to be refined to realize the true promise as well as the limitations of these fast-moving technologies, and target areas for further development. In the absence of a commonly accepted core group of metrics, inconsistencies may arise between the values attributed to the materials or devices and their real performances. Herein, we provide an overview of the energy storage devices from conventional capacitors to supercapacitors to hybrid systems and ultimately to batteries. The metrics for evaluation of energy storage systems are described, although the focus is kept on capacitive and hybrid energy storage systems. In addition, we discuss the challenges that still need to be addressed for establishing more sophisticated criteria for evaluating EES systems. We hope this effort will foster ongoing dialog and promote greater understanding of these metrics to develop an international protocol for accurate assessment of EES systems.

Towards establishing standard performance metrics for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond.

Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of “bio-integrated” technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in f...

Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review

In recent years, nanocrystals of metal sulfide materials have attracted scientific research interest for renewable energy applications due to the abundant choice of materials with easily tunable electronic, optical, physical and chemical properties. Metal sulfides are semiconducting compounds where sulfur is an anion associated with a metal cation; and the metal ions may be in mono-, bi- or multi-form. The diverse range of available metal sulfide materials offers a unique platform to construct a large number of potential materials that demonstrate exotic chemical, physical and electronic phenomena and novel functional properties and applications. To fully exploit the potential of these fascinating materials, scalable methods for the preparation of low-cost metal sulfides, heterostructures, and hybrids of high quality must be developed. This comprehensive review indicates approaches for the controlled fabrication of metal sulfides and subsequently delivers an overview of recent progress in tuning the chemical, physical, optical and nano- and micro-structural properties of metal sulfide nanocrystals using a range of material fabrication methods. For hydrogen energy production, three major approaches are discussed in detail: electrocatalytic hydrogen generation, powder photocatalytic hydrogen generation and photoelectrochemical water splitting. A variety of strategies such as structural tuning, composition control, doping, hybrid structures, heterostructures, defect control, temperature effects and porosity effects on metal sulfide nanocrystals are discussed and how they are exploited to enhance performance and develop future energy materials. From this literature survey, energy conversion currently relies on a limited range of metal sulfides and their composites, and several metal sulfides are immature in terms of their dissolution, photocorrosion and long-term durability in electrolytes during water splitting. Future research directions for innovative metal sulfides should be closely allied to energy and environmental issues, along with their advanced characterization, and developing new classes of metal sulfide materials with well-defined fabrication methods.

Recent advances in metal sulfides: from controlled fabrication to electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting and beyond

To achieve high-performance wearable supercapacitors (SCs), a new class of flexible electrodes with favorable architectures allowing large porosity, high conductivity, and good mechanical stability is strongly needed. Here, this study reports the rational design and fabrication of a novel flexible electrode with nanotube-built multitripod architectures of ternary metal sulfides' composites (FeCo2S4–NiCo2S4) on a silver-sputtered textile cloth. Silver sputtering is applicable to almost all kinds of textiles, and S2− concentration is optimized during sulfidation process to achieve such architectures and also a complete sulfidation assuring high conductivity. New insights into concentration-dependent sulfidation mechanism are proposed. The additive-free FeCo2S4–NiCo2S4 electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 1519 F g−1 at 5 mA cm−2 and superior rate capability (85.1% capacitance retention at 40 mA cm−2). All-solid-state SCs employing these advanced electrodes deliver high energy density of 46 W h kg−1 at 1070 W kg−1 as well as achieve remarkable cycling stability retaining 92% of initial capacitance after 3000 cycles at 10 mA cm−2, and outstanding reliability with no capacitance degradation under large twisting. These are attributed to the components' synergy assuring rich redox reactions, high conductivity as well as highly porous but robust architectures. An almost linear increase in capacitance with devices' area indicates possibility to meet various energy output requirements. This work provides a general, low-cost route to wearable power sources.

Wearable High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Silver-Sputtered Textiles with FeCo2S4–NiCo2S4 Composite Nanotube-Built Multitripod Architectures as Advanced Flexible Electrodes

The invention provides a high-capacitance flexible electrode material of a foamy copper supported CuO nanometer sheet and a manufacturing method, and introduces an application on an aspect of a supercapacitor electrode. Ammonium persulfate and sodium hydroxide are taken as raw materials, and a one-step hydrothermal method is used to carry out oxidation etching on a copper surface so that surfacelayer copper is converted into a copper oxide nanostructure. CuO is a sheet shape structure, a thickness is about 20nm and a width is about 200nn. The nanometer sheets are mutually intersected and uniformly and tightly cover a surface of a foamy copper three-dimensional skeleton so as to form a porous CuO coating layer. A thickness of the CuO coating layer can be accurately controlled through reaction time and a concentration of a mixed solution. The manufactured foamy copper supported CuO nanometer sheet material can be directly applied to the super capacitor electrode, a binder is not needed, and characteristics of a high specific capacitance, high cycle stability and excellent flexibility are possessed. In addition, operation of the manufacturing method is simple, cost is low, the method is easy to control and large-scale production can be realized.

High-capacitance flexible electrode material of foamy copper supported CuO nanometer sheet and manufacturing method

The invention discloses a method for preparing a novel supercapacitor electrode material. The method comprises steps of using nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, ammonium fluoride and urea as raw materials, using a hydrothermal reaction to prepare a Ni-Co precursor formed by interwoven nanowires having a diameter of 80-100 nm, and then phosphatizing the Ni-Co precursor to obtain a material which is aregular hexagonal micron chip (having a side length of about 10[mu]m and a thickness of about 100 nm) formed by interwoven NiCoP-CoP porous (pore size 3 to 5 nm) nanowires. The material has the advantages of high specific surface area and high mechanical stability, ensures high electrochemical performance, and has a specific capacitance retention rate as high as 92% after 10000 cycles of charge and discharge. The preparation method is easy to operate, low in cost, and liable to large-scale production, and has great significance for the design and preparation of nano-micro composite electrode materials.

Regular hexagonal micron chip capacitor material formed by interwoven NiCoP-CoP porous nanowires and preparation method

The invention discloses a novel regularly-hexagonal micro-sheet supercapacitor electrode material formed by interweaving Ni2Co2S4 nanotubes and a preparation method of the material. Nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, ammonium fluoride and urea are used as raw materials, a template-free hydrothermal reaction is adopted, and a Ni-Co precursor formed by interweaving nanowires with the diameter of 80-100nm is prepared firstly and then vulcanized; the final product is a regularly-hexagonal sheet-like porous material (the pore diameter ranging from dozens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers) formed by interweaving Ni2Co2S4 nanotubes, the sheet thickness is about 100 nm, the side length is about 10 mu m, the outer diameter of Ni2Co2S4 nanotubes is about 100 nm, and the tube wall thickness is about 10 nm. The porous micro electrode material constructed by nano units has very high specific capacitance and high cycling stability; besides, the preparation method is simple to operate, low in cost, easy to control and favorable for large-scale production.

Regularly-hexagonal micro-sheet capacitor material formed by interweaving Ni2Co2S4 nanotubes and preparation method of material

The present invention discloses a preparation method for a carbon nanotube films high-load Mn-Co sulfide flexible electrode material. The method is characterized in that: firstly, commercial carbon nanotube films are acidified, then cobalt acetate, manganese acetate and urea are used as raw materials to prepare precursors of a single carbon tube evenly coated with smooth Mn-Co precursors on the acidified carbon nanotube films adopting hydrothermal reaction, and then the precursors are vulcanized. The prepared material is a carbon nanotube film (about 288 nm in diameter) of granular Mn0.1Co0.9Scomposite single carbon nanotubes; the material has excellent capacitance performance, and at 10 mAcm current density, has capacitance reaching 449.2 Fcm , and can still remain a capacitance retention rate of 98.4% when at 10 000 cycles.

Preparation method for carbon nanotube films high-load Mn-Co sulfide flexible electrode material

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