Objective The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains an ongoing public health challenge. Although males are affected slightly more than females, the impact of SARS-COV-2 on male reproductive system remains unclear. This systematic review aims to provide a concise update on the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive health, including the presence of viral RNA in semen, and the impact on semen quality, testicular histology, testicular pain and male reproductive hormones. The global health is fronting an immediate as well as impending threat from the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19), that inflicts more males than females. Evidence suggest that male reproductive system is susceptible to this viral infection. However, there are still several pertinent queries that remain to be fully explained regarding the mechanism in testicular SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and the exact mode of its actions. Thus, the present systematic review aims to provide a concise update on the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male reproduction.. Methods A systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines searching the PubMed database. Eligibility for inclusion were original human studies evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health. Specific outcomes required for inclusion were at least one of the following: i) seminal detection of mRNA virus, or evaluation of ii) semen analysis, iii) testicular histology or ultrasonography, iv) testicular clinical symptoms and/or v) male reproductive hormones in COVID-19-positive patients. Results Of 553 retrieved articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. This included studies primarily investigating the presence of viral RNA in semen (n = 12), semen quality (n = 2), testicular histology (n = 5), testicular pain (n = 2) and male reproductive hormones (n= 4). Results show little evidence for the presence of viral RNA in semen, although COVID-19 seems to affect seminal parameters, induce orchitis, and cause hypogonadism. Mortality cases suggest severe histological disruption of testicular architecture, probably due to a systemic and local reproductive tract inflammatory response and oxidative stress-induced damage. Conclusions Clinical evaluation of the male reproductive tract, seminal parameters and reproductive hormones is recommended in patients with current or a history of COVID-19, particularly in males undergoing fertility treatment. Any long-term negative impact on male reproduction remains unexplored and an important future consideration.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2090598X.2021.1955554

The impact of COVID-19 on the male reproductive tract and fertility: A systematic review

During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic, there have been concerns about the impact of vaccines on people's fertility, including the fertility of those who are currently preparing for pregnancy and those who might become pregnant in future. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine on male fertility, and it is not surprising that couples and donors have concerns regarding vaccination. In this study, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine semen quality before and after receipt of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. There were no statistically significant changes in semen parameters (volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total progressive motile count) after two doses of vaccine (all P > 0.05). In summary, our study updates the most recent studies on the effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on male fertility, and the information from this study could be used to guide fertility recommendations for assisted reproductive technology (ART) patients and donors.

Evaluation of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine on semen parameters in reproductive-age males: a retrospective cohort study

Cryopreservation of human gametes and embryos as well as human reproductive tissues has been characterized as an essential process and aspect of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Notably, sperm cryopreservation is a fundamental aspect of cryopreservation in oncological patients or patients undergoing gonadotoxic treatment. Given that there is a risk of contamination or cross-contamination, either theoretical or real, during the procedures of cryopreservation and cryostorage, both the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) have provided updated guidelines for preventing or reducing the contamination risk of sexually transmitted viruses. Given the ongoing and worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, there is considerable interest in what measures should be taken to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 contamination during cryopreservation and cryostorage of semen samples. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the virus that causes COVID-19, and whose transmission and infection is mainly aerosol-mediated. Several ART professional societies, including ESHRE and ASRM have proposed measures to mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Whether the proposed safety directives are enough to mitigate the possible SARS-CoV-2-contamination of sperm samples during cryopreservation or whether the policies should be re-evaluated will be discussed in this review. Additionally, insights regarding the possible impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the safety of sperm cryopreservation will be discussed.

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Sperm Cryostorage, Theoretical or Real Risk?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been an ongoing pandemic and worldwide public health emergency, having drawn a lot of attention around the world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is characterized by infecting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing cells, including testis-specific cells, namely, Leydig, Sertoli, and spermatogenic cells, which are closely related to male reproduction. This leads to aberrant hyperactivation of the immune system generating damage to the infected organs. An impairment in testicular function through uncontrolled immune responses alerts more attention to male infertility. Meanwhile, the recent clinical data indicate that the infection of the human testis with SARS-CoV-2 may impair male germ cell development, leading to germ cell loss and higher immune cell infiltration. In this review, we investigated the evidence of male reproductive dysfunction associated with the infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its possible immunological explanations and clinical remedies.

/pdf/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2-and-male-2qqgghskhu.pdf

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Male Reproduction: Relationship, Explanations, and Clinical Remedies

Kasus terkonfirmasi Covid-19 semakin bertambah jumlahnya. Dari jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi 52,3% orang berjenis kelamin laki-laki meninggal dunia. Selama pandemi juga banyak muncul masalah yang berhubungan dengan kesuburan laki-laki. Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini karena meneliti dampak Covid-19 pada kesuburan laki-laki. Belum banyak penelitian yang membahas tentang dampak Covid-19 pada kesuburan laki-laki sehingga penulis bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak Covid-19 terhadap kesuburan laki-laki. Metode yang digunakan studi literatur menggunakan 30 artikel yang terbit pada tahun 2020 sampai 2021 terdiri dari 4 jurnal nasional dan 26 jurnal internasional. Pencarian artikel dilakukan menggunakan kata kunci Covid-19, fertility dan sperm di ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Elsiver, NCBI, DOAJ, Proquest, Microsoft Academic, Academic.edu, Sage Journal, Oxford Academic, LIPI, ResearceGate, JSTOR dan Scrib.id. Hasil penelitian ditemukan ada dampak Covid-19 terhadap kesuburan laki-laki, penulis juga menemukan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Covid-19. Faktor tersebut antara lain usia laki-laki diatas 30 tahun lebih beresiko terinfeksi Covid-19. Laki-laki yang mempunyai berat badan dengan indeks masa tubuh (IMT) 23 lebih beresiko terinfeksi Covid-19. Riwayat penyakit  yang berhubungan dengan Covid-19 dan berdampak pada kesuburan yaitu kanker. Laki-laki yang terinfeksi Covid-19 akan beresiko mengalami gangguan urogenital. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini menyatakan bahwa laki-laki yang berusia 30 tahun, IMT 23 dan riwayat kanker jika terinfeksi Covid-19 akan beresiko menjadi tidak subur. Kata kunci:  Covid-19; Kesuburan; Laki-laki. AbstractThe number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 is increasing. From the number of confirmed cases, 52.3% of the male sex died. During the pandemic, there are also many problems related to male fertility. The novelty in this study is that it examines the impact of Covid-19 on male fertility. Not many studies have discussed the impact of Covid-19 on male fertility, so the author aims to determine the effect of Covid-19 on male fertility. The method used is the literature study using 30 articles published from 2020 to 2021 consisting of 4 national and 26 international journals. Article searches were conducted using the keywords Covid-19, fertility and sperm in ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Elsevier, NCBI, DOAJ, Proquest, Microsoft Academic, Academic.edu, Sage Journal, Oxford Academic, LIPI, ResearchGate, JSTOR and Scrib. Id. The results of the study found that there was an impact of Covid-19 on male fertility, the authors also found factors related to Covid-19. These factors include the age of men over 30 who are more at risk of infection with Covid-19. Men with a body mass index (BMI) 23 are more at risk of infection with Covid-19. History of diseases related to Covid-19 and impact on fertility, namely cancer. Men infected with Covid-19 are at risk for urogenital disorders. This article states that men aged 30 years, with BMI 23 and a history of cancer if infected with Covid-19 will be at risk of becoming infertile.

/pdf/impact-of-covid-19-on-male-fertility-3nq5fn85.pdf

Impact of covid-19 on male fertility

Research question What are the risks associated with cryopreserved semen collected during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave in Wuhan, China? Design Retrospective cohort study involving young adult men who were qualified sperm donors at the Hunan Province Human Sperm Bank (China) during the pandemic wave (1 January 2020 to 30 January 2020) and after the wave and return to work (7 April 2020 to 30 May 30 2020). One hundred paired semen and blood specimens from 100 donors were included. One-step single-tube nested quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (OSN-qRT-PCR) was used to detect SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, to control the unacceptable risk of false-negative results, a second round of screening was performed with pooled RNA from negative semen samples using crystal digital PCR (cd-PCR). Results For individual blood and semen samples, the target genes, namely the nucleocapsid protein (N) and open reading frame (ORF-1ab) genes, tested negative in all of the 100 paired samples. Further, as per cd-PCR results, there were >20,000 droplets per well in the RNA for each combined sample and no positive droplets were present for either of the aforementioned target genes. A total of 100 paired semen and blood samples from these two groups tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions Cryopreserved semen at the Hunan Province Human Sperm Bank during and after the COVID-19 pandemic wave was free of SARS-CoV-2 and was judged safe for external use in the future.

Risks associated with cryopreserved semen in a human sperm bank during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Risks associated with cryopreserved semen in a human sperm bank during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.