In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), localization is one of the most important technologies since it plays a critical role in many applications, e.g., target tracking. If the users cannot obtain the accurate location information, the related applications cannot be accomplished. The main idea in most localization methods is that some deployed nodes (landmarks) with known coordinates (e.g., GPS-equipped nodes) transmit beacons with their coordinates in order to help other nodes localize themselves. In general, the main localization algorithms are classified into two categories: range-based and range-free. In this paper, we reclassify the localization algorithms with a new perspective based on the mobility state of landmarks and unknown nodes, and present a detailed analysis of the representative localization algorithms. Moreover, we compare the existing localization algorithms and analyze the future research directions for the localization algorithms in WSNs.

Localization algorithms of Wireless Sensor Networks: a survey

IEEE 802.11 protocol supports adaptive rate mechanism, which selects the transmission rate according to the condition of the wireless channel, to enhance the system performance. Thus, research of multi-rate IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) performance has become one of the hot research topics. In this paper, we study the performance of multi-rate IEEE 802.11 MAC over a Gaussian channel. An accurate analytical model is presented to compute the system saturation throughput. We validate our model in both single-rate and multi-rate networks through various simulations. The results show that our model is accurate and channel error has a significant impact on system performance. In addition, our numerical results show that the performance of single-rate IEEE 802.11 DCF with basic access method is better than that with RTS-CTS mechanism in a high-rate and high-load network and vice versa. In a multi-rate network, the performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF with RTS-CTS mechanism is better than that with basic access method in a congested and error-prone wireless environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Saturation throughput analysis of multi-rate IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Aiming at solving the problem of low accuracy in traditional distance vector-hop (DV-hop) algorithm used for wireless sensor networks node location, two refined localization algorithms, that is, hyperbolic-DV-hop localization algorithm and improved weighted centroid DV-hop localization algorithm (IWC-DV-hop), are proposed in this paper. Instead of taking the average HopSize of BeaconNode nearest to the UnknownNode, hyperbolic-DV-hop algorithm chooses the average of average HopSizes of all BeaconNodes, as the average HopSize of the UnknownNode. The ML localization algorithm is also replaced by hyperbolic location algorithm. IWC-DV-hop algorithm improves the accuracy by selecting appropriate BeaconNodes and replacing ML localization with centroid localization. And a weighted scheme is used in IWC-DV-hop so that the influence of different anchors is taken into consideration. Simulations have been conducted to prove that the accuracy is improved by both of the two algorithms and IWCDV-hop is the best choice.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2015/187670

Two novel DV-Hop localization algorithms for randomly deployed wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a novel personnel positioning scheme for a tunnel network with blind areas, which compared with most existing schemes offers both low-cost and high-precision. Based on the data models of tunnel networks, measurement networks and mobile miners, the global positioning method is divided into four steps: (1) calculate the real time personnel location in local areas using a location engine, and send it to the upper computer through the gateway; (2) correct any localization errors resulting from the underground tunnel environmental interference; (3) determine the global three-dimensional position by coordinate transformation; (4) estimate the personnel locations in the blind areas. A prototype system constructed to verify the positioning performance shows that the proposed positioning system has good reliability, scalability, and positioning performance. In particular, the static localization error of the positioning system is less than 2.4 m in the underground tunnel environment and the moving estimation error is below 4.5 m in the corridor environment. The system was operated continuously over three months without any failures.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/9891/pdf

A Wireless Sensor Network Based Personnel Positioning Scheme in Coal Mines with Blind Areas

Localization is an important problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), since an event information with little node location information is meaningless in practical application. The well known localization algorithms DV-hop and centroid location algorithm can be simply implemented in real WSNs. In this paper, we will analyze the drawbacks of these two algorithms and propose a new weighted centroid localization algorithm based on DV-Hop. The proposed algorithm uses weight of anchors to improve localization accuracy. The simulation results show that the localization error of the weighted centroid localization algorithm is smaller than DV-Hop and centroid localization algorithm.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6477233/6478258/06478383.pdf

A Weighted Centroid Localization Algorithm Based on DV-Hop for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks, a novel technology about acquiring and processing information, have been proposed for a multitude of diverse applications. The problem of self-localization, that is, determining where a given node is physically or relatively located in the networks, is a challenging one, and yet extremely crucial for many applications. In this paper, the evaluation criterion of the performance and the taxonomy for wireless sensor networks self-localization systems and algorithms are described, the principles and characteristics of recent representative localization approaches are discussed and presented, and the directions of research in this area are

/pdf/self-localization-systems-and-algorithms-for-wireless-sensor-yg97sdrxaw.pdf

Self-Localization Systems and Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

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Self-Localization Systems and Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks