and theoretical concerns of his later work arose out of the concrete issues raised in this study. The Structural Transf ormation of the Public Sphere is a historical-sociological account of the emergence, transformation, and disintegration of the bourgeois public sphere. It combines materials and methods from sociology and economics, law and political science, and social and cultural history in an effort to grasp the preconditions, structures, functions, and inner tensions of this central domain of modern society. As a sphere between civil society and the state, in which critical public discussion of matters of general interest was institutionally guaranteed, the liberal public sphere took shape in the specific historical circumstances of a developing market economy. In its clash with the arcane and bureaucratic practices of the absolutist state, the emergen I bourgeoisie gradually replaced a public sphere in which the ruler's power was merely represented before the people with a sphere in which state authority was publicly monitored through informed and critical discourse by the people. Habermas traces the interdependent development of the literary and political self-consciousness of this new class, weaving together accounts of the rise of the novel and of literary

The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

The change of very first chart on page 91 was quite impressive and made me interest of the concept of maximizing data ink ratio. Today, unlike the period of 1980s, we have great quad processing computer that can do all the graphical designs using its own GPU which results in realistic visual on 3Ds. Even though I agree this theory of maximizing data ink ratio, I think some decoration is quite necessary to emphasize the data you are retrieving.

The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

Professor Titmuss, an eminent English social theorist, believes that man is inherently altruistic and that the duty of government is to create that social and economic climate which best channels man's drive to work together for the common good. In support of this belief, he has written a book about the procurement, distribution, and transfusion of human blood, a medical topic which he employs as an illustrative social and economic microcosm. The conclusion he reaches is foregone: "The voluntary socialized system in Britain is economically, professionally, administratively and qualitatively more efficient than the mixed, commercialized, and individualistic American system" (Titmuss, R.M: "Why Give to Strangers?" Lancet 1 :123-125, 1971). As the book was written with a bias, so will it be read with bias. My own bias is that of an American and a blood-banker. I am only too conscious of many deficiencies in the American complex of arrangements—it isn't

The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy

Escaping carbon lock-in

This article examines the distribution of parks in Baltimore, Maryland, as an environmental justice issue. In addition to established methods for measuring distribution of and access to parks, we employ a novel park service area approach that uses Thiessen polygons and dasymetric reapportioning of census data to measure potential park congestion as an equity outcome measure. We find that a higher proportion of African Americans have access to parks within walking distance, defined as 400 meters or less, than whites, but whites have access to more acreage of parks within walking distance than blacks. A needs-based assessment shows that areas with the highest need have the best access to parks but also have access to less acreage of parks compared to low-need areas. Park service areas that are predominantly black have higher park congestion than areas that are predominantly white, although differences are less apparent at the city level than at the metropolitan level. Following Iris Young and others, we arg...

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2009/nrs_2009_boone_001.pdf

Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland.

Dwellings, crowding, and tuberculosis in Montreal.

Many North American cities trace their population booms to the nineteenth century when immigrants and migrants flooded emerging industrializing urban centres in search of better lives. Peopling the North American City examines this phenomenon in Montreal through the eyes of a thousand couples to construct both an intimate portrait and a compelling overview of life in a nineteenth-century metropolis. Benefiting from Montreal's remarkable archival records, Sherry Olson and Patricia Thornton use an ingenious sampling of twelve surnames to track the comings and goings, births, deaths, and marriages of the city's inhabitants. The book demonstrates the importance of individual decisions by outlining the circumstances in which people decided where to move, when to marry, and what work to do. Integrating social and spatial analysis, the authors provide insights into the relationships among the city's three cultural communities, show how inequalities of voice, purchasing power, and access to real property were maintained, and provide first-hand evidence of the impact of city living and poverty on families, health, and futures. The findings challenge presumptions about the cultural "assimilation" of migrants as well as our understanding of urban life in nineteenth-century North America. The culmination of twenty-five years of work, Peopling the North American City is an illuminating look at the humanity of cities and the elements that determine whether their citizens will thrive or merely survive.

Peopling the North American City: Montreal, 1840-1900

CONTEXTE : Au Canada, la tuberculose (TB) represente un probleme de sante croissant en milieu urbain. Montreal est la deuxieme plus grande ville du Canada et la deuxieme plus frequente destination pour les nouveaux immigrants et refugies. OBJECTIFS: Detecter l'agregation spatiale des cas afin de determiner les zones d'exces d'incidence et de rechercher les points chauds locaux de la transmission a Montreal. SCHEMA: Nous avons utilise les adresses de residence pour codifier geographiquement les cas actifs de TB signales sur l'Ile de Montreal en 1996-2000. Apres qu'une analyse des «points chauds» ait suggere deux zones de surconcentration, nous avons mene un scanning spatial, en prenant comme unite primaire d'analyse les regions de recensement (population 2500-8000) et en stratifiant en fonction du lieu de naissance. Nous avons combine ces analyses avec un genotypage de tous les isolats disponibles de Mycobacterium tuberculosis grâce a la RFLP IS6110 et au spoligotypage. RESULTATS: Nous avons identifie quatre zones d'incidence excessive parmi les sujets nes a l'etranger (ratios de taux d'incidence 1,3-4,1 par rapport a l'ensemble de l'Ile) et une zone de ce type parmi les sujets nes au Canada (ratio de taux d'incidence 2,3). Il existait une superposition partielle de ces deux points chauds. Le genotypage a indique une transmission recente chez les sujets nes a l'etranger au sein de la zone d'incidence la plus elevee. Alors que cette zone se superposait a l'aire de haute incidence chez les sujets nes au Canada, le genotypage a exclu dans l'ensemble la transmission entre ces deux groupes. CONCLUSIONS: Dans une ville ou l'incidence globale est faible, les analyses spatiales et moleculaires ont mis en evidence une transmission locale recente.

Use of geographic and genotyping tools to characterise tuberculosis transmission in Montreal.

This article maps and measures several dimensions of residential segregation in Montreal in 1881, thereby adding to our understanding of the social structure of the industrial city. Taking advantage of an unusual historical database—a historical geographic information system (H-GIS)—we locate 17,000 individual households with precision, and evaluate the "dissimilarity" of neighborhoods along several social dimensions and at various levels of spatial aggregation. The empirical findings suggest that Montreal was highly segregated along lines of ethnic identity as well as socioeconomic status; segregation values increased inversely with size of the spatial unit, but precision of unit boundaries have negligible effect. Coupling the highprecision GIS with a statistical model such as the classic index of dissimilarity lends new power to grasp the scale of phenomena, to inquire into behavioral choices of 19th-century households, and even to challenge our assumptions about the meaning of "segregation" or "integra...

/pdf/residential-segregation-in-the-industrializing-city-a-closer-4am9gfjzxw.pdf

Residential Segregation in the Industrializing City: A Closer Look

In the City of Montreal, 1881, the presence of three cultural communities with different profiles of economic status makes it possible to observe the way social settings affected survival over a lifetime. Regression models show culturally determined maternal factors dominant for infants, and persistent throughout childhood. For post-neonates, children aged 1–4, and adults aged 15–59 household poverty has a comparable effect. Among adults, a gender penalty differs among the three communities. Models are improved when differentiated by cause of death. Locating households using a GIS reveals high levels of residential segregation by ethnicity and income, spatial correlation of environmental hazards, and constraints on exit from zones of risk, which together produce neighbourhood effects as large as household effects. Attention to groups excluded (foundlings and inmates of institutions) confirms that models limited to full household-level information significantly underestimate the impacts of poverty and excl...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/23056740.pdf

Mortality in late nineteenth-century Montreal: Geographic pathways of contagion

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