To improve the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) efficiency and ferroptosis therapy efficacy of exceedingly small magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IO, < 5 nm) for tumors via enhancing the sensitivity of tumor microenvironment (TME) responsiveness, inspired by molecular logic gates, we designed and constructed a self-assembled IO with a AND logic gate function. Typically, cystamine (CA) was conjugated onto the end of poly(2-methylthio-ethanol methacrylate) (PMEMA) to generate PMEMA-CA. The PMEMA-CA was grafted onto the surface of brequinar (BQR)-loaded IO to form IO-BQR@PMEMA. The self-assembled IO-BQR@PMEMA (SA-IO-BQR@PMEMA) was obtained due to the hydrophobicity of PMEMA. The carbon-sulfur single bond of PMEMA-CA can be oxidized by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TME to thio-oxygen double bond, resulting in the conversion from being hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The disulfide bond of PMEMA-CA can be broken by the glutathione (GSH) in TME, leading to the shedding of PMEMA from the IO surface. Under the dual actions of ROS and GSH in TME (i.e., AND logic gate), SA-IO-BQR@PMEMA can be disassembled to release IO, Fe2+/3+ , and BQR. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the AND logic gate function and mechanism, the high T1 MRI performance and exceptional ferroptosis therapy efficacy for tumors, and the excellent biosafety of SA-IO-BQR@PMEMA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

An and Logic Gate for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Ferroptosis Therapy of Tumors.

Ferroptosis offers a novel method for overcoming therapeutic resistance of cancers to conventional cancer treatment regimens. Its effective use as a cancer therapy requires a precisely targeted approach, which can be facilitated by using nanoparticles and nanomedicine, and their use to enhance ferroptosis is indeed a growing area of research. While a few review papers have been published on iron-dependent mechanism and inducers of ferroptosis cancer therapy that partly covers ferroptosis nanoparticles, there is a need for a comprehensive review focusing on the design of magnetic nanoparticles that can typically supply iron ions to promote ferroptosis and simultaneously enable targeted ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles can locally induce ferroptosis and combinational ferroptosis with diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of remotely controllable magnetic nanocarriers can offer highly effective localized image-guided ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine. Here, recent developments in magnetically manipulable nanocarriers for ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine with medical imaging are summarized. This review also highlights the advantages of current state-of-the-art image-guided ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine. Finally, image guided combinational ferroptosis cancer therapy with conventional apoptosis-based therapy that enables synergistic tumor therapy is discussed for clinical translations. 

Magnetic nanoparticles for ferroptosis cancer therapy with diagnostic imaging

Atherosclerosis, a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disease, has a profound impact on cardiovascular health. However, the critical limitations of atherosclerosis management include the delayed detection of advanced stages, the intricate assessment of plaque stability, and the absence of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Nanotheranostic based on nanotechnology offers a novel paradigm for addressing these challenges by amalgamating advanced imaging capabilities with targeted therapeutic interventions. Meanwhile, iron oxide nanoparticles have emerged as compelling candidates for theranostic applications in atherosclerosis due to their magnetic resonance imaging capability and biosafety. This review delineates the current state and prospects of iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanotheranostics in the realm of atherosclerosis, including pivotal aspects of atherosclerosis development, the pertinent targeting strategies involved in disease pathogenesis, and the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of theranostic nanomedicine approaches employing iron oxide nanoparticles, encompassing chemical therapy, physical stimulation therapy, and biological therapy. Finally, this review proposes and discusses the challenges and prospects associated with translating these innovative strategies into clinically viable anti-atherosclerosis interventions. In conclusion, this review offers new insights into the future of atherosclerosis theranostic, showcasing the remarkable potential of iron oxide-based nanoparticles as versatile tools in the battle against atherosclerosis.

Advances in Atherosclerosis Theranostics Harnessing Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles.

Advances in magnetic nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Ferumoxytol, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, is one of intravenous iron oxide nanoparticle authorized for the treatment of iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). With its exceptional magnetic properties, catalytic activity, and immune activity, as well as good biocompatibility and safety, ferumoxytol has gained significant recognition in various biomedical diagnoses and treatments. Unlike most existing reviews on this topic, this review primarily focuses on the recent clinical and preclinical advances of ferumoxytol in disease treatment, spanning anemia, cancer, infectious inflammatory diseases, regenerative medicine application, magnetic stimulation for neural modulation, etc. Additionally, the newly discovered mechanisms associated with the biological effects of ferumoxytol are discussed, including its magnetic, catalytic, and immunomodulatory properties. Finally, the summary and future prospects concerning the treatment and application of ferumoxytol-based nanotherapeutics are presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Story of Ferumoxytol: Synthesis Production, Current Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.024

Extracellular magnetic labeling of biomimetic hydrogel-induced human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids with ferumoxytol for MRI tracking

Recent experiments have demonstrated interesting physics in a family of two-dimensional composition-tunable materials ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2n+1}{\mathrm{Si}}_{n}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4n+2}$. Here we show that, owing to their intrinsic low symmetry, metallic nature, tunable composition, and ambient stability, these materials offer a good platform for studying the Berry curvature dipole (BCD) and nonlinear Hall effect. Using first-principles calculations, we find that the BCD exhibits pronounced peaks in monolayer ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}{\mathrm{SiTe}}_{6}$ (the $n=1$ case). Its magnitude decreases monotonically with $n$ and completely vanishes in the $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit. This variation manifests a special hidden dimensional crossover of the low-energy electronic states in this system. The resulting nonlinear Hall response from the BCD in these materials is discussed. Our work reveals pronounced geometric quantities and nonlinear transport physics in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2n+1}{\mathrm{Si}}_{n}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4n+2}$ family materials, which should be readily detected in experiment. 

/pdf/berry-curvature-dipole-and-nonlinear-hall-effect-in-two-3dooho6e.pdf

Berry curvature dipole and nonlinear Hall effect in two-dimensional 
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Nb</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><m

Recent experiments have demonstrated interesting physics in a family of two-dimensional (2D) composition-tunable materials Nb$_{2n+1}$Si$_n$Te$_{4n+2}$. Here, we show that owing to its intrinsic low symmetry, metallic nature, tunable composition, and ambient stability, these materials offer a good platform for studying Berry curvature dipole (BCD) and nonlinear Hall effect. Using first-principles calculations, we find that BCD exhibits pronounced peaks in monolayer Nb$_{3}$SiTe$_{6}$ ($n=1$ case). Its magnitude decreases monotonically with $n$ and completely vanishes in the $n\rightarrow\infty$ limit. This variation manifests a special hidden dimensional crossover of the low-energy electronic states in this system. The resulting nonlinear Hall response from BCD in these materials is discussed. Our work reveals pronounced geometric quantities and nonlinear transport physics in Nb$_{2n+1}$Si$_n$Te$_{4n+2}$ family materials, which should be readily detected in experiment.

Berry curvature dipole and nonlinear Hall effect in two-dimensional Nb$_{2n+1}$Si$_n$Te$_{4n+2}$

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Extracellular magnetic labeling of biomimetic hydrogel-induced human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids with ferumoxytol for MRI tracking

Berry curvature dipole and nonlinear Hall effect in two-dimensional <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Nb</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><m

Berry curvature dipole and nonlinear Hall effect in two-dimensional Nb$_{2n+1}$Si$_n$Te$_{4n+2}$