P-i-n geometry perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer simplified fabrication, greater amenability to charge extraction layers, and low-temperature processing over n-i-p counterparts. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can enhance the performance of p-i-n PSCs but ultrathin SAMs can be thermally unstable. We report a thermally robust hole-selective layer comprised of nickel oxide (NiOx) nanoparticle film with a surface-anchored (4-(3,11-dimethoxy-7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-4PADBC) SAM that can improve and stabilize the NiOx/perovskite interface. The energetic alignment and favorable contact and binding between NiOx/MeO-4PADBC and perovskite reduced the voltage deficit of PSCs with various perovskite compositions and led to strong interface toughening effects under thermal stress. The resulting 1.53–electron-volt devices achieved 25.6% certified power conversion efficiency and maintained >90% of their initial efficiency after continuously operating at 65 degrees Celsius for 1200 hours under 1-sun illumination. Description Editor’s summary Inverted (p-i-n geometry) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have fabrication advantages compared with conventional cells, but the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) used to stabilize charge extraction layers have been prone to thermal degradation. Li et al. report on a phosphonic acid SAM that is anchored onto the particles in a nickel oxide film, optimizing the dipole moment for fast hole extraction and leading to a low defect density. For 1.53–electron volt p-i-n PSCs, a power conversion efficiency of 25.6% was achieved, and the cells maintained more than 90% of that efficiency after 1200 hours of operation at 65°C. —Phil Szuromi A thermally stable self-assembled monolayer improves the contact to the hole-selective nickel oxide layer in perovskite solar cells.

Stabilized hole-selective layer for high-performance inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells

Compared with the n-i-p structure, inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) promise increased operating stability, but these photovoltaic cells often exhibit lower power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) because of nonradiative recombination losses, particularly at the perovskite/C60 interface. We passivated surface defects and enabled reflection of minority carriers from the interface into the bulk using two types of functional molecules. We used sulfur-modified methylthio molecules to passivate surface defects and suppress recombination through strong coordination and hydrogen bonding, along with diammonium molecules to repel minority carriers and reduce contact-induced interface recombination achieved through field-effect passivation. This approach led to a fivefold longer carrier lifetime and one-third the photoluminescence quantum yield loss and enabled a certified quasi-steady-state PCE of 25.1% for inverted PSCs with stable operation at 65°C for >2000 hours in ambient air. We also fabricated monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with 28.1% PCE. Description Editor’s summary Although inverted perovskite solar cells minimize losses at hole-transport layers, recombination-induced losses occur at top electron-transport layers. Liu et al. used two different passivation molecules to tackle this problem. A sulfur-modified methylthio molecule provided chemical passivation, and a diammonium molecule repelled minority charge carriers and reduced contact-induced recombination. These cells had a certified quasi–steady-state power conversion efficiency and operated stably at 65°C for more than 2000 hours in ambient air. —Phil Szuromi A passivant for surface defects that suppresses carrier recombination was combined with one that repels minority carriers.

Bimolecularly passivated interface enables efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

Hydrogen-bond-bridged intermediate for perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and stability

Low-loss contacts on textured substrates for inverted perovskite solar cells.

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their low-cost fabrication and high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the long-term stability issues of PSCs remain a significant bottleneck impeding their commercialization. Inverted PSCs with a p-i-n architecture are being actively researched due to their concurrent good stability and decent efficiency. In particular, the PCE of inverted PSCs has improved significantly in recent years and is now almost approaching that of n-i-p PSCs. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of high-efficiency inverted PSCs, including the development of perovskite compositions, fabrication methods, and counter electrode materials (CEMs). Notably, we highlight the development of charge transport materials (CTMs) and the effects of defect passivation strategies on the performance of inverted PSCs. Finally, we discuss the remaining issues and perspectives of high-efficiency inverted PSCs. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-023-00474-z.pdf

Recent progress in the development of high-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been widely employed as an effective way to modify the interfaces of electronic/optoelectronic devices. To achieve a good control of the growth and molecular functionality of SAMs, we develop a co-assembled monolayer (co-SAM) for obtaining efficient hole selection and suppressed recombination at the hole selective interface in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). By engineering the position of methoxy substituents, an aligned energy level and favorable dipole moment can be obtained in our newly synthesized SAM, ((2,7-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl) methyl) phosphonic acid (DC-PA). An alkyl ammonium containing SAM is co-assembled to further optimize the surface functionalization and interaction with perovskite layer on top. A champion device with an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.59% and improved device stability are achieved. This work demonstrates the advantage of using co-SAM in improving performance and stability of PSCs.

Co-assembled Monolayers as Hole -se lective Contact for High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Optimized Recombination Loss and Long-Term Stability.

An effective and economical encapsulation method for trapping lead leakage in rigid and flexible perovskite photovoltaics

Prospects and challenges for perovskite-organic tandem solar cells

Redox mediator-stabilized wide-bandgap perovskites for monolithic perovskite-organic tandem solar cells

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