In this review, we consider the potential functional role of beta-band oscillations, which at present is not yet well understood. We discuss evidence from recent studies on top-down mechanisms involved in cognitive processing, on the motor system and on the pathophysiology of movement disorders that suggest a unifying hypothesis: beta-band activity seems related to the maintenance of the current sensorimotor or cognitive state. We hypothesize that beta oscillations and/or coupling in the beta-band are expressed more strongly if the maintenance of the status quo is intended or predicted, than if a change is expected. Moreover, we suggest that pathological enhancement of beta-band activity is likely to result in an abnormal persistence of the status quo and a deterioration of flexible behavioural and cognitive control.

Beta-band oscillations--signalling the status quo?

Microorganisms produce and excrete a versatile array of metabolites with different physico-chemical properties and biological activities However, the ability of microorganisms to release volatile compounds has only attracted research attention in the past decade Recent research has revealed that microbial volatiles are chemically very diverse and have important roles in distant interactions and communication Microbial volatiles can diffuse fast in both gas and water phases, and thus can mediate swift chemical interactions As well as constitutively emitted volatiles, microorganisms can emit induced volatiles that are triggered by biological interactions or environmental cues In this Review, we highlight recent discoveries concerning microbial volatile compounds and their roles in intra-kingdom microbial interactions and inter-kingdom interactions with plants and insects Furthermore, we indicate the potential biotechnological applications of microbial volatiles and discuss challenges and perspectives in this emerging research field

Microbial volatile organic compounds in intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom interactions

Beta oscillations (∼13 to 30 Hz) have been observed during many perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes in a plethora of brain recording studies. Although the function of beta oscillations (hereafter "beta" for short) is unlikely to be explained by any single monolithic description, we here discuss several convergent findings. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), increased beta appears at the end of a trial when working memory information needs to be erased. A similar "clear-out" function might apply during the stopping of action and the stopping of long-term memory retrieval (stopping thoughts), where increased prefrontal beta is also observed. A different apparent role for beta in PFC occurs during the delay period of working memory tasks: it might serve to maintain the current contents and/or to prevent interference from distraction. We confront the challenge of relating these observations to the large literature on beta recorded from sensorimotor cortex. Potentially, the clear-out of working memory in PFC has its counterpart in the postmovement clear-out of the motor plan in sensorimotor cortex. However, recent studies support alternative interpretations. In addition, we flag emerging research on different frequencies of beta and the relationship between beta and single-neuron spiking. We also discuss where beta might be generated: basal ganglia, cortex, or both. We end by considering the clinical implications for adaptive deep-brain stimulation.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/39/42/8231.full.pdf

Beta Oscillations in Working Memory, Executive Control of Movement and Thought, and Sensorimotor Function

Prefrontal-Subthalamic Hyperdirect Pathway Modulates Movement Inhibition in Humans

Neural Oscillations: Sustained Rhythms or Transient Burst-Events?

Beta oscillations (15-29Hz) are among the most prominent signatures of brain activity. Beta power is predictive of healthy and abnormal behaviors, including perception, attention and motor action. In non-averaged signals, beta can emerge as transient high-power 'events'. As such, functionally relevant differences in averaged power across time and trials can reflect changes in event number, power, duration, and/or frequency span. We show that functionally relevant differences in averaged beta power in primary somatosensory neocortex reflect a difference in the number of high-power beta events per trial, i.e. event rate. Further, beta events occurring close to the stimulus were more likely to impair perception. These results are consistent across detection and attention tasks in human magnetoencephalography, and in local field potentials from mice performing a detection task. These results imply that an increased propensity of beta events predicts the failure to effectively transmit information through specific neocortical representations.

/pdf/the-rate-of-transient-beta-frequency-events-predicts-15r1q2j4g8.pdf

The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts behavior across tasks and species

Beta frequency oscillations (15-29Hz) are among the most prominent signatures of brain activity Beta power is predictive of many healthy and abnormal behaviors, including perception, attention and motor action Recent evidence shows that in non-averaged signals, beta can emerge as transient high-power "events" As such, functionally relevant differences in averaged power across time and trials can reflect accumulated changes in the number, power, duration, and/or frequency span of the events We show for the first time that functionally relevant differences in averaged prestimulus beta power in human sensory neocortex reflects a difference in the number of high-power beta events per trial, ie, the rate of events Further, high power beta events close to the time of the stimulus were more likely to impair perception This result is consistent across detection and attention tasks in human magnetoencephalography (MEG) and is conserved in local field potential (LFP) recordings of mice performing a detection task Our findings suggest transient brain rhythms are best viewed as a "rate metric" in their impact on function, and provides a new framework for understanding and manipulating functionally relevant rhythmic events

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/04/20/128769.full.pdf

The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts impaired function across tasks and species

Author response: The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts behavior across tasks and species

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The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts behavior across tasks and species

The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts impaired function across tasks and species

Author response: The rate of transient beta frequency events predicts behavior across tasks and species