A rockfall is a typical dynamic problem of a discontinuous block system originating from a dangerous rock mass and always presents serious geo-hazards along highway slopes in mountainous areas. This study aims to investigate the failure mechanisms and movement characteristics of rockfalls through a three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3D DDA) method and attempts to comprehensively examine the complicated kinematic process of rockfall disasters. In terms of the initial failure and post-movement characteristics (i.e., motion trajectory and kinetic energy) of a rockfall, the effectiveness of 3D DDA is verified by comparing its results with those of laboratory experiments. Taking the K4580 typical high-steep slope undergoing rockfalls along the G318 national highway in Tibet as an example, the initiation and failure of a single boulder and a large-scale rock mass at the source area were simulated by 3D DDA. Then, the movement characteristics of the boulder and massive collapsing rocks along the slopes of different geometrical characteristics, i.e., the slopes before the landslide and after the shallow and deep landslides, were studied. The results show that the 3D DDA has significant advantages in analysing the failure mechanisms of slope rockfalls and can satisfactorily simulate the spatial movement (e.g., lateral deviation and deflection) of blocks by considering the 3D geometry of the slopes and blocks. The 3D DDA numerical simulation can predict the movement range, deposition position, and affected area of rockfall disasters, which can provide a basis for formulating disaster prevention countermeasures in actual projects.

Three-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis of Failure Mechanisms and Movement Characteristics of Slope Rockfalls

Keywords: Simulation Reference LMR-CONF-2008-008View record in Web of Science Record created on 2008-12-02, modified on 2016-08-08

Half-scale experimental study of rockfall impacts on sandy slopes

A research study aimed at the extending the means of estimating ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics) geomechanical parameters through non-contact methodologies, in the frame of the remote survey of rock masses, is herein presented. It was conducted by coupling UAV-based photogrammetry and Infrared Thermography. Starting from georeferenced UAV surveys and the definition of rock masses’ RGB point clouds, different approaches for the extraction of discontinuity spatial data were herein compared according to the ISRM subjective and objective discontinuity sampling criteria. These were applied to a survey a window and along a scanline, both defined on the dense point clouds, to simulate a field rock mass survey, although carried out on remotely acquired data. Spatial discontinuity data were integrated via the analysis of dense point clouds built from IRT images, which represents a relatively new practice in remote sensing, and the processing of thermograms. Such procedures allowed the qualitative evaluation of the main geomechanical parameters of tested rock masses, such as aperture, persistence and weathering. Moreover, the novel parameters of Thermal-spacing (T-spacing) and Thermal-RQD (T-RQD) are herein introduced in a tentative attempt at extending the application field of IRT to remote rock mass surveys for practical purposes. The achieved results were validated by field campaign, demonstrating that a remote survey of rock masses can be conducted according to the ISRM procedures even on models built by integrating RGB and IRT photogrammetry. In fact, these two technologies are positively complementary and, besides being feasible, are characterized by a relatively quick and non-contact execution. Thanks to the positive and satisfactory results achieved herein, this research contributes to the implementation of the scientific and technical casuistry on the remote survey of rock masses, which is a technical field offering a wide range of applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/473/pdf?version=1642737608

UAV-Based Photogrammetry and Infrared Thermography Applied to Rock Mass Survey for Geomechanical Purposes

Rapid seismic risk assessment of bridges using UAV aerial photogrammetry

Assessing the stability of rock slopes is essential to ensuring the typical performance of adjacent transportation infrastructures but simulating the existing field topography and boundary ...

Methodology for Resloping of Rock Slope Using 3D Models from UAV-CRP Technology

Rock sizes and shapes influence the trajectories of rockfall. Thus, this study examined the bounce height and runout distance of falling rocks on the basis of different rock sizes, rock shapes, and ground surfaces. A laboratory experiment of rocks with various sizes falling from 35°, 45°, and 60° slope angles and vertically on different ground surfaces was conducted in this study to understand the mechanism of falling rocks. RocFall 5.0 (Rocscience), a 2D rockfall numerical simulation program, was used to perform the probable bounce height and runout distance for various rock shapes on different ground surfaces. The laboratory experiment and a numerical simulation were compared to validate the applicability of laboratory testing in rockfall assessment and calibrate the coefficient of restitution, which is a critical parameter in bouncing blocks. Results indicated that steep slopes and hard ground surfaces cause a high bounce height of falling rocks. Moreover, light rocks bounce higher than heavy rocks, and rocks with round shapes bounce high initially and then roll further away from the falling slope. Therefore, the influence of rock sizes and shapes and impact surface material must not be omitted in investigating rockfall protective measures.

Analysis of Rockfall Hazards Based on the Effect of Rock Size and Shape

Photogrammetry advancement in the field of geotechnics is able to provide useful preliminary data in a short time and with minimum resources. The data acquisition for photogrammetry processing was done utilizing the imagery from a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Commercial drone by DJI, Phantom 4 Pro was used to take aerial and side images of the rock slope. Good overlapping of the images is very important to generate a very dense 3D model. Ground control point was established to georeferenced the output of photogrammetry, so that it represents the real site scale and coordinates. Photogrammetry using structure from motion technique (SfM) is able to generate three-dimensional model of the specified study area. 3-D model of the rock slope was analyzed to extract the geological planes using CloudCompare software with the aid of FACET plugin. 3-D dense cloud point generated from the photogrammetry process was the input file to the CloudCompare software. Traditional method of using scan line survey was carried out to check the adequacy of the geological plane extraction data from photogrammetry survey output. Extraction of geological planes through FACET plugin provides information on major discontinuity sets and the orientation of the planes. Then, the dip/ dip direction obtained was compared with scanline survey. The discontinuity datasets obtained from the CloudCompare was compared with the scan line survey. Results showed the difference is not more than 20 %. Therefore, application of photogrammetry through CloudCompare software provides reliable and accurate measurement.

/pdf/photogrammetry-approach-on-geological-plane-extraction-using-2okm0edyb5.pdf

Photogrammetry approach on geological plane extraction using CloudCompare FACET plugin and scanline survey

/pdf/2d-and-3d-rock-slope-stability-assessment-using-limit-1kw8qs0zxq.pdf

2D and 3D rock slope stability assessment using Limit Equilibrium Method incorporating photogrammetry technique

Rock anisotropy is a well-known phenomenon that occurs due to the heterogeneity of rock mass, but their influence on geotechnical design, especially in rock engineering, is often ignored. Every slope may be subjected to a certain mode of failure that can be evaluated using conventional and numerical methods. In this study, the rock slope is assessed numerically using 2D Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) utilizing the Slide 2018 program in Rocscience software. The fundamental roles of the discontinuities present in the study area were evaluated to study the influence on slope stability. Anisotropic material model was incorporated in the LEM analysis to investigate the presence of discontinuities. A generalized anisotropy model was applied to represent the discontinuity behavior in the slope stability assessment. The relationship between the dipping angle of discontinuity and other significant parameters such as friction angle and cohesion effect on Factor of Safety (FoS) were studied. Sensitivity and probabilistic analysis were carried out to assess the uncertainties involved in the governing parameters. Anisotropy was modeled using 10° increments of angular range to represent the transition of shear strength from weak joint to rock mass strength. The results of FoS show that rock slope without anisotropy model is stable, and analysis employing anisotropic material model shows that the slope may fail. This study presents the approach of using the anisotropic material model for rock slopes where discontinuities are present, and slope failure occurs.

Probabilistic and Sensitivity Analysis of Rock Slope Using Anisotropic Material Models for Planar Failures

Road settlement is one of the major problems that often occurs in soft soil ground areas. The combination of destructive test method (trial pit, Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and borehole) and non-destructive method by using seismic refraction, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were performed to identify the factor causing the tension cracks and road differential settlement. The study area selected is at Section 39 to 50, Federal Route (FT005) Johor Bahru to Malacca (Pengkalan Raja, Pontian, Johor) because of the severe road condition which may cause an accident to road user. This paper presenting the result of destructive and a non-destructive test. From results of borehole, seismic, and ERT, the road was underlaid by 7-12m of a soft compressible layer. The GPR image showed the existing of concrete slab below the road has deviated from its original position and may not function as a foundation of road. In conclusion, the combination of destructive and non-destructive method is best approach in identifying the underground failure because it is the fastest solution, economical and suitable in area of high volume of traffic.

Subsurface Investigation on Federal Route Failure at Pengkalan Raja, Pontian, Johor

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