Flexible sweat sensors have found widespread potential applications for long-term wear and tracking and real-time monitoring of human health. However, the main substrate currently used in common flexible sweat sensors is thin film, which has disadvantages such as poor air permeability and the need for additional wearables. In this Review, the recent progress of sweat sensors has been systematically summarized by the types of monitoring methods of sweat sensors. In addition, this Review introduces and compares the performance of sweat sensors based on thin film and textile substrates such as fiber/yarn. Finally, opportunities and suggestions for the development of flexible sweat sensors are presented by summarizing the integration methods of sensors and human body monitoring sites.

Flexible Sweat Sensors: From Films to Textiles.

Flexible wearable sensors can detect analytes continuously, in real time, and non-invasively, and their application in human health monitoring has received great attention. However, traditional sensors suffer from insufficient biocompatibility, wearing discomfort, and low detection sensitivity, so hydrogel is introduced as a sensor patch to improve the contact between skin and sensor, and combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for rapid and sensitive analysis of biomarkers in sweat. Here, a flexible SERS wearable sensor based on a sulfonated cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel (S-CNF-Ag NPs/PAA) was developed. The hydrogel was prepared by photo-crosslinking of sulfonated cellulose silver nanocomposites (S-CNF-Ag NPs) with acrylic acid (AA), which is a quick and easy preparation process. The network structure of hydrogel can retain small molecules and adsorb sweat through hydrophilic groups, which diffuse sweat into the hydrogel and can effectively collect the analyses in sweat. The introduction of cellulose and silver nanoparticles not only provides excellent mechanical and adhesive properties (toughness of ∼3790 kJ/m3, interfacial toughness of ∼116.23 J/m2), but also good antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility. The SERS technology enabled the quantitative analysis of metabolites in sweat (the detection limits for urea and uric acid were 63.1 μM and 3.98 μM, respectively) and real-time monitoring of pH. S-CNF-Ag NPs/PAA sensor maintained excellent sensitivity, stability and mechanical properties during the detection process, effectively expanding the application of hydrogels in flexible SERS sensing and human health detection. 

Flexible SERS wearable sensor based on nanocomposite hydrogel for detection of metabolites and pH in sweat

Progress in optical sensors-based uric acid detection.

Highly accurate multimodal monitoring of lactate and urea in sweat by soft epidermal optofluidics with single-band Raman scattering

Cancer is the world’s leading cause of human death today, and the treatment process of cancer is highly complex. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy are commonly used in cancer treatment, and the emergence of drug resistance is a significant problem in cancer treatment. Therefore, the mechanism of drug resistance during cancer treatment has become a hot issue in current research. A series of studies have found that lipid metabolism is closely related to cancer drug resistance. This paper details the changes of lipid metabolism in drug resistance and how lipid metabolism affects drug resistance. More importantly, most studies have reported that combination therapy may lead to changes in lipid-related metabolic pathways, which may reverse the development of cancer drug resistance and enhance or rescue the sensitivity to therapeutic drugs. This paper summarizes the progress of drug design targeting lipid metabolism in improving drug resistance, and providing new ideas and strategies for future tumor treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews the issues of combining medications with lipid metabolism and drug resistance.

Lipid metabolism as a target for cancer drug resistance: progress and prospects

Selenium, a non-metallic element, is a micronutrient essential for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins containing selenocysteine. In adults, the thyroid contains the highest amount of selenium per gram of tissue. Most known selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase, are expressed in the thyroid and are involved in thyroid hormone metabolism, redox state regulation, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Some clinical studies have shown that lack of selenium will increase the prevalence of several kinds of thyroid diseases. Selenium treatment in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy has been shown to delay disease progression and improve the quality of life. Selenium supplementation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was associated with the decreased levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and improved thyroid ultrasound structure. In thyroid cancer, various selenium supplements have shown variable anticancer activity. However, published results remain the conflicting and more clinical evidence is still needed to determine the clinical significance of selenium. This article reviews the strong association between selenium and thyroid disease and provides new ideas for the clinical management of selenium in thyroid disease.

/pdf/selenium-and-thyroid-diseases-k5m6yolx.pdf

Selenium and thyroid diseases

Metabolic Reprogramming is a sign of tumor, and as one of the three major substances metabolism, lipid has an obvious impact. Abnormal lipid metabolism is related to the occurrence of various diseases, and the proportion of people with abnormal lipid metabolism is increasing year by year. Lipid metabolism is involved in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of tumors by regulating various oncogenic signal pathways. The differences in lipid metabolism among different tumors are related to various factors such as tumor origin, regulation of lipid metabolism pathways, and diet. This article reviews the synthesis and regulatory pathways of lipids, as well as the research progress on cholesterol, triglycerides, sphingolipids, lipid related lipid rafts, adipocytes, lipid droplets, and lipid-lowering drugs in relation to tumors and their drug resistance. It also points out the limitations of current research and potential tumor treatment targets and drugs in the lipid metabolism pathway. Research and intervention on lipid metabolism abnormalities may provide new ideas for the treatment and survival prognosis of tumors.

/pdf/association-between-abnormal-lipid-metabolism-and-tumor-la4d4jtn.pdf

Association between abnormal lipid metabolism and tumor

The biochemical composition of sweat is closely related to the human physiological state, which provides a favorable window for the monitoring of human health status, especially for the athlete. Herein, an ultra-simple strategy based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for sweat analysis is established. Metal–phenolic network (MPN), an outstanding organic-inorganic hybrid material, is adopted as the reductant and platform for the in situ formation of Au-MPN, which displays excellent SERS activity with the limit of detection to 10−15 M for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA). As an ultrasensitive SERS sensor, Au-MPN is capable of discriminating the molecular fingerprints of sweat components acquired from a volunteer after exercise, such as urea, uric acid, lactic acid, and amino acid. For pH sensing, Au-MPN/4-MBA efficiently presents the pH values of the volunteer’s sweat, which can indicate the electrolyte metabolism during exercise. This MPN-based SERS sensing strategy unlocks a new route for the real-time physiological monitoring of human health.

/pdf/fast-synthesis-of-au-nanoparticles-on-metal-phenolic-network-29d2visi.pdf

Fast Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles on Metal–Phenolic Network for Sweat SERS Analysis

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has attracted increasing attention in biomedicine due to the capability of providing the molecular fingerprint information of biosamples. Two-dimensional (2D) metal nanohybrids have proven to be efficient SERS substrates for bioanalysis due to the cooperative Raman enhancement mechanism. Herein, a facile strategy for the fabrication of a novel transition metal telluride-based 2D-metal SERS substrate is proposed. Ag-niobium ditelluride (NbTe2) nanocomposites are synthesized through in situ reduction of Ag nanoparticles on NbTe2 nanosheets (NSs). The excellent SERS performance of Ag-NbTe2 NSs probably originates from the coupling effect of enhanced electromagnetic field distribution around the plasmonic nanostructure (hot spots) and the charge transfer caused by the semiconductor material after numerical simulations. Using Ag-NbTe2 NSs as an ultrasensitive SERS probe, the molecular components of three types of muscle tissues are clearly identified. An effective classification of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles is also realized according to their SERS data plus principal component analysis. In addition, the monitoring of the skeletal muscle stretching process is achieved by the Ag-NbTe2 NS-based SERS analysis, which represents a powerful tool for molecular exercise physiology.

Facile synthesis of Ag-niobium ditelluride nanocomposites for the molecular fingerprint analysis of muscle tissues.

Perovskite film-quality is a crucial factor to improve the photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells, which is closely related to the morphology of crystallization grain size of the perovskite layer. However, defects and trap sites are inevitably generated on the surface and at the grain boundaries of the perovskite layer. Here, we report a convenient method for preparing dense and uniform perovskite films, employing g-C3N4 quantum dots doped into the perovskite layer by regulating proper proportions. This process produces perovskite films with dense microstructures and flat surfaces. As a result, the higher fill factor (0.78) and a power conversion efficiency of 20.02% are obtained by the defect passivation of g-C3N4QDs.

/pdf/reduced-electron-relaxation-time-of-perovskite-films-via-g-13rbuetf.pdf

Reduced electron relaxation time of perovskite films via g-C3N4 quantum dot doping for high-performance perovskite solar cells

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