Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have shown promising prospects for complementarity to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the field of grid-scale energy storage. After a decade of continuous fundamental research on SIBs, it's becoming increasingly urgent to advance the commercialization. For SIB anode materials, hard carbon is the most mature and currently the only material likely to be commercialized, but it is still far away from large-scale industrialization. Herein, we carry out a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in terms of three main aspects. Firstly, a fundamental understanding of the microstructure and sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon is introduced, which can be categorized into three different processes: capacitive adsorption, nanopore filling, and intercalation in carbon interlayers. Then, based on an in-depth understanding of the sodium storage mechanism, optimization methods in terms of increasing the specific capacity, rate performance, initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), and long-cycling stability are comprehensively summarized and analyzed. Finally, potential methods and associated benefits for the design of carbon structures and the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) are discussed, hoping to provide useful guidelines for future research and commercialization.

Hard carbon for sodium storage: mechanism and optimization strategies toward commercialization

Carboxyl-Dominant Oxygen Rich Carbon for Improved Sodium Ion Storage: Synergistic Enhancement of Adsorption and Intercalation Mechanisms

Coal features low‐cost and high carbon yield and is considered as a promising precursor for carbon anode of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs). Regulation of microcrystalline state and pore configuration of coal structure during thermal transformation is key to boost Na+ storage behavior. Herein, a facile strategy is reported to create abundant closed pores in anthracite‐derived carbon that greatly improves Na+ plateau storage. An altered thermal transformation pathway of chemical activation followed by high‐temperature carbonization is adopted to achieve the conversion of open nanopores and ordered carbon crystallite into closed pores surrounded by short‐range carbon structures. The optimized sample delivers a large reversible capacity of 308 mAh g–1 that is dominantly contributed by the low‐voltage plateau process. Experimental results reveal the enhanced pore‐filling mechanism in the developed closed pores. Benefitting from the improved plateau behavior, the constructed SIB delivers a high‐energy density of 231.2 Wh kg–1 with an average voltage of 3.22 V; the assembled full‐carbon SIC shows high energy and power densities (101.8 Wh kg–1 and 2.9 kW kg–1). This work provides a universal thermal transformation approach for designing high‐performance carbon anode with closed porosity from low‐cost and highly aromatic precursors.

Altering Thermal Transformation Pathway to Create Closed Pores in Coal‐Derived Hard Carbon and Boosting of Na+ Plateau Storage for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Battery and Sodium‐Ion Capacitor

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a kind of promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage technology. The development of advanced carbon anodes with high Na‐storage capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) from low cost, resources abundant precursors is critical for SIBs. Here, a carbon microcrystalline hybridization route to synthesize hard carbons with extensive pseudo‐graphitic regions from lignite coal with the assistance of sucrose is proposed. Employing the cross‐linked interaction between sucrose and lignite coal to generate carbon‐based hybrid microcrystalline states, the obtained hard carbons possess pseudo‐graphitic dominant phases with large interlayer spaces that facilitate Na ion's storage and transportation, as well as fewer surface defects that guarantee high ICE. The LCS‐73 with an optimum cross‐link demonstrates the highest Na‐storage capacity of 356 mAh g−1 and an ICE of 82.9%. The corresponding full‐cell delivers a high energy density of 240 Wh kg−1 (based on the mass of anode and cathode materials) and excellent rate capability of 106 mAh g−1 at 10 C in addition to outstanding cycle performance with 80% retention over 500 cycles at 2 C. The proposed work offers an efficient route to develop high‐performance, low‐cost carbon‐based anode materials with potential application for advanced SIBs.

Microcrystalline Hybridization Enhanced Coal‐Based Carbon Anode for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Carbon materials, including graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs). Compared with other materials, carbon materials are abundant, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, and have excellent electrochemical properties, which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs. Compared with traditional carbon materials, modifications of the morphology and size of nanomaterials represent effective strategies to improve the quality of electrode materials. Different nanostructures make different contributions toward improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials, so the synthesis of nanomaterials is promising for controlling the morphology and size of electrode materials. This paper reviews the progress made and challenges in the use of carbon materials as negative electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs in recent years. The differences in Na+ and K+ storage mechanisms among different types of carbon materials are emphasized. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cey2.221

Research progress on carbon materials as negative electrodes in sodium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries

A pyrolyzed subbituminous carbon is synthesized through a simple one-step carbonization process as low-cost and high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIB). The pyrolyzed subbituminous carbon, SHC-1300 anode shows high Na storage capacity of 291 mA h g–1 at 20 mA g–1 and high initial Coulombic efficiency of 79.5%, as well as stable cycling performance, exhibiting a promising alternative anode for affordable and high-performance SIB. Furthermore, according to the investigation of the electrochemical performance and structural characterizations, the SHC-1300 pyrolyzed from subbituminous coal with flexible structure demonstrates a better electrochemical performance compared with the BHC-1300 pyrolyzed from bituminous coal with rigid structure. The sodium storage mechanism and structural evolution reported in this work may give a new prospect for the selection of pyrolyzed carbon materials for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.

High-Capacity Hard Carbon Pyrolyzed from Subbituminous Coal as Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Shaofa Sun

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

High-Capacity Hard Carbon Pyrolyzed from Subbituminous Coal as Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries