Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are leading the way in nanotechnological innovation, combining the captivating properties of silver with the accuracy of nanoscale engineering, thus revolutionizing material science. Three main techniques arise within the alchemical domains of AgNP genesis: chemical, physical, and biological synthesis. Each possesses its distinct form of magic for controlling size, shape, and scalability—key factors necessary for achieving expertise in the practical application of nanoparticles. The story unravels, describing the careful coordination of chemical reduction, the environmentally sensitive charm of green synthesis utilizing plant extracts, and the precise accuracy of physical techniques. AgNPs are highly praised in the field of healthcare for their powerful antibacterial characteristics. These little warriors display a wide-ranging attack against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Their critical significance in combating hospital-acquired and surgical site infections is highly praised, serving as a beacon of hope in the fight against the challenging problem of antibiotic resistance. In addition to their ability to kill bacteria, AgNPs are also known to promote tissue regeneration and facilitate wound healing. The field of cancer has also observed the adaptability of AgNPs. The review documents their role as innovative carriers of drugs, specifically designed to target cancer cells with accuracy, minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Additionally, it explores their potential as cancer therapy or anticancer agents capable of disrupting the growth of tumors. In the food business, AgNPs are utilized to enhance the durability of packing materials and coatings by infusing them with their bactericidal properties. This results in improved food safety measures and a significant increase in the duration that products can be stored, thereby tackling the crucial issue of food preservation. This academic analysis recognizes the many difficulties that come with the creation and incorporation of AgNPs. This statement pertains to the evaluation of environmental factors and the effort to enhance synthetic processes. The review predicts future academic pursuits, envisioning progress that will enhance the usefulness of AgNPs and increase their importance from being new to becoming essential within the realms of science and industry. Besides, AgNPs are not only a subject of scholarly interest but also a crucial component in the continuous effort to tackle some of the most urgent health and conservation concerns of contemporary society. This review aims to explore the complex process of AgNP synthesis and highlight their numerous uses, with a special focus on their growing importance in the healthcare and food business sectors. This review invites the scientific community to explore the extensive possibilities of AgNPs in order to fully understand and utilize their potential. 

Unlocking the Potential of Silver Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Versatile Bio-Applications

Simple Summary Colorectal cancer surveillance (CCS) with colonoscopy every five years is advised for PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome patients aged ≥40. However, data to support CCS guidelines are scarce and available colorectal cancer (CRC) risks are likely overestimated and low up to age 50. We aimed to assess the detection and yield of CCS for PHTS patients aged ≥40 seen at a PHTS expertise centre. Thirty-seven patients (median age 47 years) underwent 61 colonoscopies during 67 follow-up years. CCS yielded no CRCs. Adenomas were found in one-third of the cohort, including one advanced adenoma. The adenoma yield at baseline was similar to follow-up and higher above age 50 compared to age 50 or below. The low yield allows for a more personalised surveillance program. Combining our data with literature findings on CRC risk and progression, we suggest starting CCS at age 40 with variable follow-up intervals between 1 and 10 years depending on previous colonoscopy findings. Abstract Colorectal cancer surveillance (CCS) with colonoscopy every five years is advised for PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome (PHTS) patients aged ≥40 due to an increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, data to support CCS guidelines are scarce and available CRC risks are low (0–5% at age 50) and likely overestimated. We aimed to assess the detection and yield of CCS for PHTS patients without a CRC history. A retrospective cohort study including PHTS patients aged ≥40 with CCS at a PHTS expertise centre between 2011 and 2022. Adenomas with a ≥10 mm size, (tubulo)villous histology, or high-grade dysplasia were considered advanced. During 67 follow-up years, 37 patients (median age 47 years) underwent 61 colonoscopies. CCS yielded no CRCs. Adenomas were diagnosed in 13/37 (35%) patients during 23/100 colonoscopies (95% CI: 14–36), including one advanced adenoma. Baseline adenoma detection rates were similar to follow-up and higher in patients aged above 50 (50/100, 95% CI: 24–76) vs. age 50 or below (11/100, 95% CI: 3–30; p = 0.021). The low CRC and advanced adenoma yield allow for a more personalised surveillance program. Following our findings combined with literature on CRC risk and progression, we suggest starting CCS at age 40 with variable follow-up intervals between 1 and 10 years depending on previous colonoscopy findings.

/pdf/detection-and-yield-of-colorectal-cancer-surveillance-in-34tsy23o.pdf

Detection and Yield of Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in Adults with PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome

CAPTIV8: A Comprehensive Large Scale Capsule Endoscopy Dataset For Integrated Diagnosis

Objective: There are different clinicopathological features between early and late onset colorectal cancer. We aimed to characterize the histological features of colorectal cancer (CRC) at different age groups in our institution. Methods: Total 232 patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer between ages 13-99 were included. This is retrospective study. Data collected from tumour registry Shifa International Hospital from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2020. Pearson Chi square test was used for significance of categorical variables. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 55.49+/-16.43 years. Out of total 232 patients 58.6% were male and 41.3% were females (p value= 0.16). 150 (64.9%) were aged &gt; 50 years and 81 (35.1%) were age &lt; or equal to 50 years (p value = 0.44). Most common histological subtype was adenocarcinoma that was found in 188 (81%) cases. One hundred fifty five (66.8%) patients had Grade-II tumor, 67(28.9%) with Grade-III and 10 (4.3%) with Grade-I tumor. Fifty eight (25%) patients presented with metastatic disease. A significantly higher percentage of patients with signet ring cell cancer presented with a high-grade tumor when compared with patients with adenocarcinoma and mucinous carcinoma (93.7% vs 21.8%, p-value- &lt;0.001%; 93.7% vs 39.2%, p-value &lt;0.001).A significantly higher percentage of patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma presented at age less than 50 as compared to those with adenocarcinoma (60.7%, 56.2% and 30.8% respectively; p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study signifies that mucinous and signet ring cell type CRC present at an early age and with a higher proportion of patients with high tumour grade. Early diagnosis is key to help improve outcomes in these patients. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10143 How to cite this: Ibrar F, Atiq M, Shafqat F, Khan HM. Early onset Colorectal Cancer and its association with its histological subtypes. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(10):2395-2399. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10143 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 

Early onset Colorectal Cancer and its association with its histological subtypes

Colorectal Cancer:Colorectal cancer is one of the preventable cancers in humans. From a simple polyp to cancer, it is a long journey and gives us a window of opportunity to intervene and prevent it. Historically, Pakistan has been considered a low-prevalence country for colorectal cancer but changing epidemiological patterns dictate that we should think of implementing bowel screening programs for early detection and risk reduction. More than 1.9 million new colorectal cancer (including anus) cases and 935,000 deaths were estimated to occur in 2020, representing about one in 10 cancer cases and deaths. (Globocan 2020). Colorectal Cancer is the 3rd most common cancer among men and 2nd most common cancer among women, worldwide. (1). CRC mortality rates have been declining in the USA and Canada, whereas in many countries like Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the mortality rates are increasing. This difference between Canada and the US with the rest of the countries in the Americas serves as an indication of differences that may exist in health care, including CRC screening, early detection, and treatment. There are perhaps lessons that can be learned from the USA and Canada experiences with CRC programs that can be used to address the growing burden of CRC in LAC 
 

http://mail.ppmj.org.pk/index.php/ppmj/article/download/612/408

National screening program for colorectal cancer

Biofilm is a structured conglomeration of bacteria entrenched in a polymer matrix that is self-produced and contains DNA, polysaccharide, protein, and cause chronic infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is one of the well stated examples of pathogenic biofilms in cystic fibrosis patients. Due to mutating nature of the pathogens high antibiotic resistance will develop that make antibiotic treatment ineffective against repeated infections that are related to indwelling medical devices. Normally it was considered that nanoparticles are not larger than 100 nm, and their development to fight infection has gained popularity over the several decades. Different types of nanoparticles were introduced to treat biofilm infections in which silver nanoparticles were considered to be more efficient than all others. Maximum zone of inhibition in case of silver nanoparticles was found to be 40 mm against S.aureus, whereas maximum zone of inhibition with ZnO nanoparticles was 16 mm against Campylobacter jejuni, while in case of selenium nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles zone of inhibition was time dependent and concentration dependent respectively. The order of antibacterial activity was like that Ag-Np>ZnO>CuO>Fe2O3. In this review article we discussed different biofilm producing pathogens that were isolated from different locations in latest research and to evaluate the role of nanoparticles in eradicating these pathogenic microbes.
 
 

Role of nanoparticles in elimination of biofilm produced by pathogenic bacteria

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National screening program for colorectal cancer

Role of nanoparticles in elimination of biofilm produced by pathogenic bacteria