A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria.

The quality of water of the river has a significant impact on human population and livestock in basin area. Six water quality indicators are monitored from the gauging stations of Brahmani River to assess the changing trends in the quality of water. The conventional Aggregative Index Evaluation method is applied to know the overall water quality index for its intended use. Further, in this study, Bayes’ rule is applied for comprehensive assessment. The likelihood estimates are obtained from the normal distribution and is pre-owned for posterior probability calculation through Bayes’ rule. Finally, the indicator weights are estimated by Shannon’s entropy weight method. The consequences of analysis specified that the indicator, CODMn, is affecting the quality of water more in Panposh downstream. Biological oxygen demand, TA as CaCO3, NH4–N and Nitrate-N are closely related to domestic pollution and agricultural non-point source pollution. The overall quality of water is improved during dry seasons than duri...

Evaluation of water quality with application of Bayes' rule and entropy weight method

Threat posed by the heavy metals has been increasing globally rendering many water bodies unfit for human consumption. This could be due to the increase in concentrations of these metals above natural background. This article reviews the literature data on variation of water quality in rivers, lakes, and ex-mining ponds in Malaysia and other selected countries. World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Malaysian water quality standards (INWQS) are used as the baseline for the pollution and health risk assessments. It illustrates that concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As in lakes and ex-mining ponds, and Mn, Cd and Pb in rivers exceed permissible limits for direct consumption. The levels of dissolved oxygen, TSS, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are not within WHO and INWQS limits, pH of lakes and ex-mining ponds are lower than reference standards while that of rivers are high. Principal component analysis reveals that TSS, COD, BOD, Pb, and As are highly assoc...

Evaluation of water quality variation in lakes, rivers, and ex-mining ponds in Malaysia (review)

Uncontrolled human development without adequate consideration for the environment has led to incessant loss of land cover and natural resources such as water in many parts of the world. Consequently, human and environmental challenges of varying magnitude are rapidly emerging. Interestingly, only few efforts are channelled towards the reclamation of the deteriorating land cover pattern and control of future environmental damages, particularly in the developing countries. This study analyses the land use and land cover pattern along the River Benue channel in Adamawa State, Nigeria between 1988 and 2003. Landsat TM satellite image of 1988, Landsat ETM of 2003, and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) image of the Upper Benue Catchment area were utilize in the study. The study was carried out with a view of classifying the land use and land cover types in the area; examination of land use and land cover changes between 1988 and 2003; generation of contour and elevation maps for the area; and modelling of the terrain of the area using the Digital Terrain Model (DTM). The Upper Benue catchment area was extracted from the Nigeria catchment map, contour map and DTM were also generated in ArcView 3.2 GIS environment. Supervised classification method was adopted to classify the landsat imageries into six (6) classes using ILWIS 3.2 academic GIS software. The implication of the spatial pattern of land use and land cover in the area are accelerated socio-economic activities, shortage of food, prevalence of drought conditions, paralyzed inland water transportation, desertification and increase in temperature. The study concluded that there is need for a balance between human development, land use planning, and water resource management. Therefore, recommendations were given to ensure sustainable development in the region. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n5p95

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Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Pattern along the River Benue Channel in Adamawa State, Nigeria

/pdf/variabilidade-espacial-da-qualidade-de-agua-em-escala-de-3gjjxsjlft.pdf

Variabilidade espacial da Qualidade de Água em Escala de Bacias - Rio Cuiabá e São Lourenço, Mato Grosso

The study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in water quality parameters at ten different locations along River Benue for twelve consecutive months. In order to explore the spatial variation among different stations and seasonal changes, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to group these on the basis of spatial similarities. MANOVA on season and station shows that there is no significant difference between the stations investigated while there is for the seasons. This could be viewed as a resulting from the narrow spatial sampling interval (12 km at 0.7% total length of River Benue). However, discriminate analysis identified all the parameters to discriminate between the three seasons with 99.2% correct assignations. Two discriminate functions were found and the total variance cumulative was 100% between seasons. The first function explained 64.8% of the total variance between the seasons while the second function explained 35.2%. Total solids (TS) were the highest contributor in discriminate functions 1 and 2. Therefore, discriminate function analysis would enable us to predict the likely season a water sample from metropolitan Makurdi was collected given the values of the water quality parameters. It also enables us to conclude that all the parameters were responsible for significant seasonal variations in River Benue water quality.

/pdf/spatial-and-temporal-variation-in-water-quality-of-river-4svsujtkrb.pdf

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality of River Benue, Nigeria

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Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality of River Benue, Nigeria