http://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/language_review1-s2.0-s1053811912004703-main.pdf

A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading

Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.

Mental imagery can be advantageous, unnecessary and even clinically disruptive. With methodological constraints now overcome, research has shown that visual imagery involves a network of brain areas from the frontal cortex to sensory areas, overlapping with the default mode network, and can function much like a weak version of afferent perception. Imagery vividness and strength range from completely absent (aphantasia) to photo-like (hyperphantasia). Both the anatomy and function of the primary visual cortex are related to visual imagery. The use of imagery as a tool has been linked to many compound cognitive processes and imagery plays both symptomatic and mechanistic roles in neurological and mental disorders and treatments. Mental imagery plays a role in a variety of cognitive processes such as memory recall. In this review, Joel Pearson discusses recent insights into the neural mechanisms that underlie visual imagery, how imagery can be objectively and reliably measured, and how it affects general cognition.

The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery

Although many neuroimaging studies of visual mental imagery have revealed activation in early visual cortex (Areas 17 or 18), many others have not. The authors review this literature and compare how well 3 models explain the disparate results. Each study was coded 1 or 0, indicating whether activation in early visual cortex was observed, and sets of variables associated with each model were fit to the observed results using logistic regression analysis. Three variables predicted all of the systematic differences in the probability of activation across studies. Two of these variables were identified with a perceptual anticipation theory, and the other was identified with a methodological factors theory. Thus, the variability in the literature is not random.

When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery

A voxel-wise encoding model for early visual areas decodes mental images of remembered scenes

Neural substrates of animal mental imagery: calcarine sulcus and dorsal pathway involvement--an fMRI study.

Introduction We previously demonstrated [1] that, freely generated mental imagery (ie: animals names) involves activation of the associative visual areas (BA 18, 19) and primary visual area (BA 17) in sighted and blind people. Futhermore, the blind subjects also activated the somatosensory area (BA 1, 2, 3). In this work, mental imagery generation has been induced by integrating haptic information (active touch). The goal of this study was to: (1) produce a better standardization of MI (only one representation), (2) determine the brain areas involved for which data are still scarce, (3) determine whether or not anatomical data are different between blind and sighted people. Methods Six sighted (blindfolded) subjects and six people completely blind from birth were made to become familiar (prior to the fMRI scan) with twenty objects, easily identifiable by touch. The test consisted of a boxcar paradigm, in which acquisition involved alternately an active (ON) and a passive phase (OFF). During the 'ON' phase, the subjects were made to listen to the twenty names corresponding to the objects they had been required to touch and imagine mentally beforehand. During the 'OFF' phase, the subjects listened to twenty abstract words. The device used was a 2 Tesla Bruker magnet, with an EPI sequence (flip=90; 64x64; TR=2632ms; TE=50ms). One volume was composed by sixteen slices (oriented by axial AC-PC). This procedure was repeated 120 times. The results were analyzed using the software SPM 99b (p=.01 non corrected). Results Both groups actived the following areas (fig. 1) : inferior and superior frontal lobe (BA 9 and BA 44), the somatosensory cortex (BA 1, 2, 3), superior (BA 7) and inferior (BA 40) parietal areas, associative visual areas (BA 19), the pre-motor cortex (BA 6) with a predominance in the left hemisphere. The associative visual area (BA 18) was also activated in blind people.

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The somatosensory and visual cortex roles during a tactual mental imagery: An fMRI study

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Neural substrates of animal mental imagery: calcarine sulcus and dorsal pathway involvement--an fMRI study.

The somatosensory and visual cortex roles during a tactual mental imagery: An fMRI study